# Part of Odoo. See LICENSE file for full copyright and licensing details.


"""
    Object Relational Mapping module:
     * Hierarchical structure
     * Constraints consistency and validation, indexes
     * Object metadata depends on its status
     * Optimised processing by complex query (multiple actions at once)
     * Default field values
     * Permissions optimisation
     * Persistent object: DB postgresql
     * Data conversion
     * Multi-level caching system
     * Two different inheritance mechanisms
     * Rich set of field types:
          - classical (varchar, integer, boolean, ...)
          - relational (one2many, many2one, many2many)
          - functional

"""
from __future__ import annotations

import collections
import contextlib
import datetime
import functools
import inspect
import itertools
import io
import json
import logging
import pytz
import re
import typing
import uuid
import warnings
from collections import defaultdict, deque
from collections.abc import Callable, Mapping
from inspect import getmembers
from operator import attrgetter, itemgetter

import babel
import babel.dates
import psycopg2.errors
import psycopg2.extensions
from psycopg2.extras import Json

from odoo.exceptions import AccessError, LockError, MissingError, ValidationError, UserError
from odoo.tools import (
    clean_context, date_utils,
    DEFAULT_SERVER_DATE_FORMAT, DEFAULT_SERVER_DATETIME_FORMAT, format_list,
    frozendict, get_lang, OrderedSet,
    ormcache, partition, Query, split_every, unique,
    SQL, sql, groupby,
)
from odoo.tools.constants import PREFETCH_MAX
from odoo.tools.lru import LRU
from odoo.tools.misc import ReversedIterable, exception_to_unicode, unquote
from odoo.tools.translate import _, LazyTranslate

from . import decorators as api
from .commands import Command
from .domains import Domain
from .fields import Field, determine
from .fields_misc import Id
from .fields_temporal import Date, Datetime
from .fields_textual import Char

from .identifiers import NewId
from .utils import (
    OriginIds, check_object_name, parse_field_expr,
    COLLECTION_TYPES, SQL_OPERATORS,
    READ_GROUP_ALL_TIME_GRANULARITY, READ_GROUP_TIME_GRANULARITY, READ_GROUP_NUMBER_GRANULARITY,
    SUPERUSER_ID,
)

if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
    from collections.abc import Collection, Iterable, Iterator, Reversible, Sequence
    from types import MappingProxyType
    from .table_objects import TableObject
    from .environments import Environment
    from .registry import Registry, TriggerTree
    from .types import Self, DomainType, IdType, ModelType, ValuesType

    T = typing.TypeVar('T')


_lt = LazyTranslate('base')
_logger = logging.getLogger('odoo.models')
_unlink = logging.getLogger('odoo.models.unlink')

regex_order = re.compile(r'''
    ^
    (\s*
        (?P<term>((?P<field>[a-z0-9_]+)(\.(?P<property>[a-z0-9_]+))?(:(?P<func>[a-z_]+))?))
        (\s+(?P<direction>desc|asc))?
        (\s+(?P<nulls>nulls\ first|nulls\ last))?
        \s*
        (,|$)
    )+
    (?<!,)
    $
''', re.IGNORECASE | re.VERBOSE)
regex_order_part_read_group = re.compile(r"""
    \s*
    (?P<term>(?P<field>[a-z0-9_]+)(\.([\w\.]+))?(:(?P<func>[a-z_]+))?)
    (\s+(?P<direction>desc|asc))?
    (\s+(?P<nulls>nulls\ first|nulls\ last))?
    \s*
""", re.IGNORECASE | re.VERBOSE)
regex_field_agg = re.compile(r'(\w+)(?::(\w+)(?:\((\w+)\))?)?')  # For read_group
regex_read_group_spec = re.compile(r'(\w+)(\.([\w\.]+))?(?::(\w+))?$')  # For _read_group

AUTOINIT_RECALCULATE_STORED_FIELDS = 1000

INSERT_BATCH_SIZE = 100
UPDATE_BATCH_SIZE = 100
SQL_DEFAULT = psycopg2.extensions.AsIs("DEFAULT")

# hacky-ish way to prevent access to a field through the ORM (except for sudo mode)
NO_ACCESS = '.'


def parse_read_group_spec(spec: str) -> tuple:
    """ Return a triplet corresponding to the given field/property_name/aggregate specification. """
    res_match = regex_read_group_spec.match(spec)
    if not res_match:
        raise ValueError(
            f'Invalid aggregate/groupby specification {spec!r}.\n'
            '- Valid aggregate specification looks like "<field_name>:<agg>" example: "quantity:sum".\n'
            '- Valid groupby specification looks like "<no_datish_field_name>" or "<datish_field_name>:<granularity>" example: "date:month" or "<properties_field_name>.<property>:<granularity>".'
        )

    groups = res_match.groups()
    return groups[0], groups[2], groups[3]


def raise_on_invalid_object_name(name):
    if not check_object_name(name):
        msg = "The _name attribute %s is not valid." % name
        raise ValueError(msg)


def fix_import_export_id_paths(fieldname):
    """
    Fixes the id fields in import and exports, and splits field paths
    on '/'.

    :param str fieldname: name of the field to import/export
    :return: split field name
    :rtype: list of str
    """
    fixed_db_id = re.sub(r'([^/])\.id', r'\1/.id', fieldname)
    fixed_external_id = re.sub(r'([^/]):id', r'\1/id', fixed_db_id)
    return fixed_external_id.split('/')


def to_record_ids(arg) -> list[int]:
    """ Return the record ids of ``arg``, which may be a recordset, an integer or a list of integers. """
    if isinstance(arg, BaseModel):
        return arg.ids
    elif isinstance(arg, int):
        return [arg] if arg else []
    else:
        return [id_ for id_ in arg if id_]


def check_company_domain_parent_of(self, companies):
    """ A `_check_company_domain` function that lets a record be used if either:
        - record.company_id = False (which implies that it is shared between all companies), or
        - record.company_id is a parent of any of the given companies.
    """
    if isinstance(companies, str):
        return ['|', ('company_id', '=', False), ('company_id', 'parent_of', companies)]

    companies = to_record_ids(companies)
    if not companies:
        return [('company_id', '=', False)]

    return [('company_id', 'in', [
        int(parent)
        for rec in self.env['res.company'].sudo().browse(companies)
        for parent in rec.parent_path.split('/')[:-1]
    ] + [False])]


def check_companies_domain_parent_of(self, companies):
    """ A `_check_company_domain` function that lets a record be used if
        any company in record.company_ids is a parent of any of the given companies.
    """
    if isinstance(companies, str):
        return [('company_ids', 'parent_of', companies)]

    companies = to_record_ids(companies)
    if not companies:
        return []

    return [('company_ids', 'in', [
        int(parent)
        for rec in self.env['res.company'].sudo().browse(companies)
        for parent in rec.parent_path.split('/')[:-1]
    ])]


class MetaModel(type):
    """ The metaclass of all model classes.
        Its main purpose is to register the models per module.
    """
    _module_to_models__: defaultdict[str, list[MetaModel]] = defaultdict(list)

    pool: Registry | None
    """Reference to the registry for registry classes, otherwise it is a definition class."""

    _field_definitions: list[Field]
    _table_object_definitions: list[TableObject]
    _name: str
    _register: bool  # need to define on each Model, default: True
    _log_access: bool  # when defined, add update log columns
    _module: str | None
    _abstract: bool
    _auto: bool
    _inherit: list[str] | None

    def __new__(meta, name, bases, attrs):
        # this prevents assignment of non-fields on recordsets
        attrs.setdefault('__slots__', ())
        # this collects the fields defined on the class (via Field.__set_name__())
        attrs.setdefault('_field_definitions', [])
        # this collects the table object definitions on the class (via TableObject.__set_name__())
        attrs.setdefault('_table_object_definitions', [])

        if attrs.get('_register', True):
            # determine '_module'
            if '_module' not in attrs:
                module = attrs['__module__']
                assert module.startswith('odoo.addons.'), \
                    f"Invalid import of {module}.{name}, it should start with 'odoo.addons'."
                attrs['_module'] = module.split('.')[2]

            _inherit = attrs.get('_inherit')
            if _inherit and isinstance(_inherit, str):
                attrs.setdefault('_name', _inherit)
                attrs['_inherit'] = [_inherit]

            if not attrs.get('_name'):
                # add '.' before every uppercase letter preceded by any non-underscore char
                attrs['_name'] = re.sub(r"(?<=[^_])([A-Z])", r".\1", name).lower()
                _logger.warning("Class %s has no _name, please make it explicit: _name = %r", name, attrs['_name'])

            assert attrs.get('_name')

        return super().__new__(meta, name, bases, attrs)

    def __init__(self, name, bases, attrs):
        super().__init__(name, bases, attrs)

        if '__init__' in attrs and len(inspect.signature(attrs['__init__']).parameters) != 4:
            _logger.warning("The method %s.__init__ doesn't match the new signature in module %s", name, attrs.get('__module__'))

        if not attrs.get('_register', True):
            return

        # Remember which models to instantiate for this module.
        if self._module:
            self._module_to_models__[self._module].append(self)

        if not self._abstract and self._name not in self._inherit:
            # this class defines a model: add magic fields
            def add(name, field):
                setattr(self, name, field)
                field.__set_name__(self, name)

            def add_default(name, field):
                if name not in attrs:
                    setattr(self, name, field)
                    field.__set_name__(self, name)

            # make sure `id` field is still a `fields.Id`
            if not isinstance(self.id, Id):
                raise TypeError(f"Field {self.id} is not an instance of fields.Id")

            if attrs.get('_log_access', self._auto):
                from .fields_relational import Many2one  # noqa: PLC0415
                add_default('create_uid', Many2one(
                    'res.users', string='Created by', readonly=True))
                add_default('create_date', Datetime(
                    string='Created on', readonly=True))
                add_default('write_uid', Many2one(
                    'res.users', string='Last Updated by', readonly=True))
                add_default('write_date', Datetime(
                    string='Last Updated on', readonly=True))


# special columns automatically created by the ORM
LOG_ACCESS_COLUMNS = ['create_uid', 'create_date', 'write_uid', 'write_date']
MAGIC_COLUMNS = ['id'] + LOG_ACCESS_COLUMNS

# valid SQL aggregation functions
READ_GROUP_AGGREGATE = {
    'sum': lambda table, expr: SQL('SUM(%s)', expr),
    'avg': lambda table, expr: SQL('AVG(%s)', expr),
    'max': lambda table, expr: SQL('MAX(%s)', expr),
    'min': lambda table, expr: SQL('MIN(%s)', expr),
    'bool_and': lambda table, expr: SQL('BOOL_AND(%s)', expr),
    'bool_or': lambda table, expr: SQL('BOOL_OR(%s)', expr),
    'array_agg': lambda table, expr: SQL('ARRAY_AGG(%s ORDER BY %s)', expr, SQL.identifier(table, 'id')),
    'array_agg_distinct': lambda table, expr: SQL('ARRAY_AGG(DISTINCT %s ORDER BY %s)', expr, expr),
    # 'recordset' aggregates will be post-processed to become recordsets
    'recordset': lambda table, expr: SQL('ARRAY_AGG(%s ORDER BY %s)', expr, SQL.identifier(table, 'id')),
    'count': lambda table, expr: SQL('COUNT(%s)', expr),
    'count_distinct': lambda table, expr: SQL('COUNT(DISTINCT %s)', expr),
}

READ_GROUP_DISPLAY_FORMAT = {
    # Careful with week/year formats:
    #  - yyyy (lower) must always be used, *except* for week+year formats
    #  - YYYY (upper) must always be used for week+year format
    #         e.g. 2006-01-01 is W52 2005 in some locales (de_DE),
    #                         and W1 2006 for others
    #
    # Mixing both formats, e.g. 'MMM YYYY' would yield wrong results,
    # such as 2006-01-01 being formatted as "January 2005" in some locales.
    # Cfr: http://babel.pocoo.org/en/latest/dates.html#date-fields
    'hour': 'hh:00 dd MMM',
    'day': 'dd MMM yyyy', # yyyy = normal year
    'week': "'W'w YYYY",  # w YYYY = ISO week-year
    'month': 'MMMM yyyy',
    'quarter': 'QQQ yyyy',
    'year': 'yyyy',
}


class BaseModel(metaclass=MetaModel):
    """Base class for Odoo models.

    Odoo models are created by inheriting one of the following:

    *   :class:`Model` for regular database-persisted models

    *   :class:`TransientModel` for temporary data, stored in the database but
        automatically vacuumed every so often

    *   :class:`AbstractModel` for abstract super classes meant to be shared by
        multiple inheriting models

    The system automatically instantiates every model once per database. Those
    instances represent the available models on each database, and depend on
    which modules are installed on that database. The actual class of each
    instance is built from the Python classes that create and inherit from the
    corresponding model.

    Every model instance is a "recordset", i.e., an ordered collection of
    records of the model. Recordsets are returned by methods like
    :meth:`~.browse`, :meth:`~.search`, or field accesses. Records have no
    explicit representation: a record is represented as a recordset of one
    record.

    To create a class that should not be instantiated,
    the :attr:`~odoo.models.BaseModel._register` attribute may be set to False.
    """
    __slots__ = ['env', '_ids', '_prefetch_ids']

    pool: Registry  # all registry classes have a registry on the class
    # TODO replace most usages with self.env.registry; pool is reserved for class instance

    _fields__: dict[str, Field]
    _fields: MappingProxyType[str, Field]

    _auto: bool = False
    """Whether a database table should be created.
    If set to ``False``, override :meth:`~odoo.models.BaseModel.init`
    to create the database table.

    Automatically defaults to `True` for abstract models.

    .. tip:: To create a model without any table, inherit
            from :class:`~odoo.models.AbstractModel`.
    """
    _register: bool = False           #: registry visibility
    _abstract: bool = True
    """ Whether the model is *abstract*.

    .. seealso:: :class:`AbstractModel`
    """
    _transient: bool = False
    """ Whether the model is *transient*.

    .. seealso:: :class:`TransientModel`
    """

    _name: str = None                   #: the model name (in dot-notation, module namespace)
    _description: str | None = None     #: the model's informal name
    _module: str | None = None          #: the model's module (in the Odoo sense)
    _custom: bool = False               #: should be True for custom models only

    _inherit: str | list[str] | tuple[str, ...] = ()
    """Python-inherited models:

    :type: str or list(str) or tuple(str)

    .. note::

        * If :attr:`._name` is set, name(s) of parent models to inherit from
        * If :attr:`._name` is unset, name of a single model to extend in-place
    """
    _inherits: frozendict[str, str] = frozendict()
    """dictionary {'parent_model': 'm2o_field'} mapping the _name of the parent business
    objects to the names of the corresponding foreign key fields to use::

      _inherits = {
          'a.model': 'a_field_id',
          'b.model': 'b_field_id'
      }

    implements composition-based inheritance: the new model exposes all
    the fields of the inherited models but stores none of them:
    the values themselves remain stored on the linked record.

    .. warning::

      if multiple fields with the same name are defined in the
      :attr:`~odoo.models.Model._inherits`-ed models, the inherited field will
      correspond to the last one (in the inherits list order).
    """
    _table: str = ''                 #: SQL table name used by model if :attr:`_auto`
    _table_query: SQL | str | None = None  #: SQL expression of the table's content (optional)
    _table_objects: dict[str, TableObject] = frozendict()  #: SQL/Table objects
    _inherit_children: OrderedSet[str]

    # TODO default _rec_name to ''
    _rec_name: str | None = None                  #: field to use for labeling records, default: ``name``
    _rec_names_search: list[str] | None = None    #: fields to consider in ``name_search``
    _order: str = 'id'                            #: default order field for searching results
    _parent_name: str = 'parent_id'               #: the many2one field used as parent field
    _parent_store: bool = False
    """set to True to compute parent_path field.

    Alongside a :attr:`~.parent_path` field, sets up an indexed storage
    of the tree structure of records, to enable faster hierarchical queries
    on the records of the current model using the ``child_of`` and
    ``parent_of`` domain operators.
    """
    _active_name: str | None = None
    """field to use for active records, automatically set to either ``"active"``
    or ``"x_active"``.
    """
    _fold_name: str = 'fold'         #: field to determine folded groups in kanban views

    _translate: bool = True           # False disables translations export for this model (Old API) TODO deprecate/remove
    _check_company_auto: bool = False
    """On write and create, call ``_check_company`` to ensure companies
    consistency on the relational fields having ``check_company=True``
    as attribute.
    """

    _allow_sudo_commands: bool = True
    """Allow One2many and Many2many Commands targeting this model in an environment using `sudo()` or `with_user()`.
    By disabling this flag, security-sensitive models protect themselves
    against malicious manipulation of One2many or Many2many fields
    through an environment using `sudo` or a more privileged user.
    """

    _depends: frozendict[str, Iterable[str]] = frozendict()
    """dependencies of models backed up by SQL views
    ``{model_name: field_names}``, where ``field_names`` is an iterable.
    This is only used to determine the changes to flush to database before
    executing any search/read operations. It won't be used for cache
    invalidation or recomputing fields.
    """

    id = Id()
    display_name = Char(
        string='Display Name',
        compute='_compute_display_name',
        search='_search_display_name',
    )

    def _valid_field_parameter(self, field, name):
        """ Return whether the given parameter name is valid for the field. """
        return name == 'related_sudo'

    @api.model
    def _post_model_setup__(self):
        """ Method called after the model has been setup. """
        pass

    @property
    def _table_sql(self) -> SQL:
        """ Return an :class:`SQL` object that represents SQL table identifier
        or table query.
        """
        table_query = self._table_query
        if table_query and isinstance(table_query, SQL):
            table_sql = SQL("(%s)", table_query)
        elif table_query:
            table_sql = SQL(f"({table_query})")
        else:
            table_sql = SQL.identifier(self._table)
        if not self._depends:
            return table_sql

        # add self._depends (and its transitive closure) as metadata to table_sql
        fields_to_flush: list[Field] = []
        models = [self]
        while models:
            current_model = models.pop()
            for model_name, field_names in current_model._depends.items():
                model = self.env[model_name]
                models.append(model)
                fields_to_flush.extend(model._fields[fname] for fname in field_names)

        return SQL().join([
            table_sql,
            *(SQL(to_flush=field) for field in fields_to_flush),
        ])

    @property
    def _constraint_methods(self):
        """ Return a list of methods implementing Python constraints. """
        def is_constraint(func):
            return callable(func) and hasattr(func, '_constrains')

        def wrap(func, names):
            # wrap func into a proxy function with explicit '_constrains'
            @api.constrains(*names)
            def wrapper(self):
                return func(self)
            return wrapper

        cls = self.env.registry[self._name]
        methods = []
        for attr, func in getmembers(cls, is_constraint):
            if callable(func._constrains):
                func = wrap(func, func._constrains(self.sudo()))
            for name in func._constrains:
                field = cls._fields.get(name)
                if not field:
                    _logger.warning("method %s.%s: @constrains parameter %r is not a field name", cls._name, attr, name)
                elif not (field.store or field.inverse or field.inherited):
                    _logger.warning("method %s.%s: @constrains parameter %r is not writeable", cls._name, attr, name)
            methods.append(func)

        # optimization: memoize result on cls, it will not be recomputed
        cls._constraint_methods = methods
        return methods

    @property
    def _ondelete_methods(self):
        """ Return a list of methods implementing checks before unlinking. """
        def is_ondelete(func):
            return callable(func) and hasattr(func, '_ondelete')

        cls = self.env.registry[self._name]
        methods = [func for _, func in getmembers(cls, is_ondelete)]
        # optimization: memoize results on cls, it will not be recomputed
        cls._ondelete_methods = methods
        return methods

    @property
    def _onchange_methods(self):
        """ Return a dictionary mapping field names to onchange methods. """
        def is_onchange(func):
            return callable(func) and hasattr(func, '_onchange')

        # collect onchange methods on the model's class
        cls = self.env.registry[self._name]
        methods = defaultdict(list)
        for _attr, func in getmembers(cls, is_onchange):
            missing = []
            for name in func._onchange:
                if name not in cls._fields:
                    missing.append(name)
                methods[name].append(func)
            if missing:
                _logger.warning(
                    "@api.onchange%r parameters must be field names -> not valid: %s",
                    func._onchange, missing
                )

        # add onchange methods to implement "change_default" on fields
        def onchange_default(field, self):
            value = field.convert_to_write(self[field.name], self)
            condition = "%s=%s" % (field.name, value)
            defaults = self.env['ir.default']._get_model_defaults(self._name, condition)
            self.update(defaults)

        for name, field in cls._fields.items():
            if field.change_default:
                methods[name].append(functools.partial(onchange_default, field))

        # optimization: memoize result on cls, it will not be recomputed
        cls._onchange_methods = methods
        return methods

    def _is_an_ordinary_table(self):
        return self.pool.is_an_ordinary_table(self)

    def __ensure_xml_id(self, skip=False):
        """ Create missing external ids for records in ``self``, and return an
            iterator of pairs ``(record, xmlid)`` for the records in ``self``.

        :rtype: Iterable[Model, str | None]
        """
        if skip:
            return ((record, None) for record in self)

        if not self:
            return iter([])

        if not self._is_an_ordinary_table():
            raise Exception(
                "You can not export the column ID of model %s, because the "
                "table %s is not an ordinary table."
                % (self._name, self._table))

        modname = '__export__'

        cr = self.env.cr
        cr.execute(SQL("""
            SELECT res_id, module, name
            FROM ir_model_data
            WHERE model = %s AND res_id IN %s
        """, self._name, tuple(self.ids)))
        xids = {
            res_id: (module, name)
            for res_id, module, name in cr.fetchall()
        }
        def to_xid(record_id):
            (module, name) = xids[record_id]
            return ('%s.%s' % (module, name)) if module else name

        # create missing xml ids
        missing = self.filtered(lambda r: r.id not in xids)
        if not missing:
            return (
                (record, to_xid(record.id))
                for record in self
            )

        xids.update(
            (r.id, (modname, '%s_%s_%s' % (
                r._table,
                r.id,
                uuid.uuid4().hex[:8],
            )))
            for r in missing
        )
        fields = ['module', 'model', 'name', 'res_id']

        # disable eventual async callback / support for the extent of
        # the COPY FROM, as these are apparently incompatible
        callback = psycopg2.extensions.get_wait_callback()
        psycopg2.extensions.set_wait_callback(None)
        try:
            cr.copy_from(io.StringIO(
                u'\n'.join(
                    u"%s\t%s\t%s\t%d" % (
                        modname,
                        record._name,
                        xids[record.id][1],
                        record.id,
                    )
                    for record in missing
                )),
                table='ir_model_data',
                columns=fields,
            )
        finally:
            psycopg2.extensions.set_wait_callback(callback)
        self.env['ir.model.data'].invalidate_model(fields)

        return (
            (record, to_xid(record.id))
            for record in self
        )

    def _export_rows(self, fields, *, _is_toplevel_call=True):
        """ Export fields of the records in ``self``.

        :param list fields: list of lists of fields to traverse
        :param bool _is_toplevel_call:
            used when recursing, avoid using when calling from outside
        :return: list of lists of corresponding values
        """
        import_compatible = self.env.context.get('import_compat', True)
        lines = []


        if not _is_toplevel_call:
            # {properties_field: {property_name: [property_type, {record_id: value}]}}
            cache_properties = self.env.cr.cache['export_properties_cache']
        else:
            cache_properties = self.env.cr.cache['export_properties_cache'] = defaultdict(dict)

            def fill_properties_cache(records, fnames_by_path, fname):
                """ Fill the cache for the ``fname`` properties field and return it """
                cache_properties_field = cache_properties[records._fields[fname]]

                # read properties to have all the logic of Properties.convert_to_read_multi
                for row in records.read([fname]):
                    properties = row[fname]
                    if not properties:
                        continue
                    rec_id = row['id']

                    for property in properties:
                        current_prop_name = property['name']
                        if f"{fname}.{current_prop_name}" not in fnames_by_path:
                            continue
                        property_type = property['type']
                        if current_prop_name not in cache_properties_field:
                            cache_properties_field[current_prop_name] = [property_type, {}]

                        __, cache_by_id = cache_properties_field[current_prop_name]
                        if rec_id in cache_by_id:
                            continue

                        value = property.get('value')
                        if property_type in ('many2one', 'many2many'):
                            if not isinstance(value, list):
                                value = [value] if value else []
                            value = self.env[property['comodel']].browse([val[0] for val in value])
                        elif property_type == 'tags' and value:
                            value = ",".join(
                                next(iter(tag[1] for tag in property['tags'] if tag[0] == v), '')
                                for v in value
                            )
                        elif property_type == 'selection':
                            value = dict(property['selection']).get(value, '')
                        cache_by_id[rec_id] = value

            def fetch_fields(records, field_paths):
                """ Fill the cache of ``records`` for all ``field_paths`` recursively included properties"""
                if not records:
                    return

                fnames_by_path = dict(groupby(
                    [path for path in field_paths if path and path[0] not in ('id', '.id')],
                    lambda path: path[0],
                ))

                # Fetch needed fields (remove '.property_name' part)
                fnames = list(unique(fname.split('.')[0] for fname in fnames_by_path))
                records.fetch(fnames)
                # Fill the cache of the properties field
                for fname in fnames:
                    field = records._fields[fname]
                    if field.type == 'properties':
                        fill_properties_cache(records, fnames_by_path, fname)

                # Call it recursively for relational field (included property relational field)
                for fname, paths in fnames_by_path.items():
                    if '.' in fname:  # Properties field
                        fname, prop_name = fname.split('.')
                        field = records._fields[fname]
                        assert field.type == 'properties' and prop_name

                        property_type, property_cache = cache_properties[field].get(prop_name, ('char', None))
                        if property_type not in ('many2one', 'many2many') or not property_cache:
                            continue
                        model = next(iter(property_cache.values())).browse()
                        subrecords = model.union(*[property_cache[rec_id] for rec_id in records.ids if rec_id in property_cache])
                    else:  # Normal field
                        field = records._fields[fname]
                        if not field.relational:
                            continue
                        subrecords = records[fname]

                    paths = [path[1:] or ['display_name'] for path in paths]
                    fetch_fields(subrecords, paths)

            fetch_fields(self, fields)

        for record in self:
            # main line of record, initially empty
            current = [''] * len(fields)
            lines.append(current)

            # list of primary fields followed by secondary field(s)
            primary_done = []

            # process column by column
            for i, path in enumerate(fields):
                if not path:
                    continue

                name = path[0]
                if name in primary_done:
                    continue

                if name == '.id':
                    current[i] = str(record.id)
                elif name == 'id':
                    current[i] = (record._name, record.id)
                else:
                    prop_name = None
                    if '.' in name:  # Properties field
                        fname, prop_name = name.split('.')
                        field = record._fields[fname]
                        field_type, cache_value = cache_properties[field].get(prop_name, ('char', None))
                        value = cache_value.get(record.id, '') if cache_value else ''
                    else:  # Normal field
                        field = record._fields[name]
                        field_type = field.type
                        value = record[name]

                    # this part could be simpler, but it has to be done this way
                    # in order to reproduce the former behavior
                    if not isinstance(value, BaseModel):
                        current[i] = field.convert_to_export(value, record)

                    elif import_compatible and field_type == 'reference':
                        current[i] = f"{value._name},{value.id}"

                    else:
                        primary_done.append(name)
                        # recursively export the fields that follow name; use
                        # 'display_name' where no subfield is exported
                        fields2 = [(p[1:] or ['display_name'] if p and p[0] == name else [])
                                   for p in fields]

                        # in import_compat mode, m2m should always be exported as
                        # a comma-separated list of xids or names in a single cell
                        if import_compatible and field_type == 'many2many':
                            index = None
                            # find out which subfield the user wants & its
                            # location as we might not get it as the first
                            # column we encounter
                            for name in ['id', 'name', 'display_name']:
                                with contextlib.suppress(ValueError):
                                    index = fields2.index([name])
                                    break
                            if index is None:
                                # not found anything, assume we just want the
                                # display_name in the first column
                                name = None
                                index = i

                            if name == 'id':
                                xml_ids = [xid for _, xid in value.__ensure_xml_id()]
                                current[index] = ','.join(xml_ids)
                            else:
                                current[index] = ','.join(value.mapped('display_name')) if value else ''
                            continue

                        lines2 = value._export_rows(fields2, _is_toplevel_call=False)
                        if lines2:
                            # merge first line with record's main line
                            for j, val in enumerate(lines2[0]):
                                if val or isinstance(val, (int, float)):
                                    current[j] = val
                            # append the other lines at the end
                            lines += lines2[1:]
                        else:
                            current[i] = ''

        # if any xid should be exported, only do so at toplevel
        if _is_toplevel_call and any(f[-1] == 'id' for f in fields):
            bymodels = collections.defaultdict(set)
            xidmap = collections.defaultdict(list)
            # collect all the tuples in "lines" (along with their coordinates)
            for i, line in enumerate(lines):
                for j, cell in enumerate(line):
                    if isinstance(cell, tuple):
                        bymodels[cell[0]].add(cell[1])
                        xidmap[cell].append((i, j))
            # for each model, xid-export everything and inject in matrix
            for model, ids in bymodels.items():
                for record, xid in self.env[model].browse(ids).__ensure_xml_id():
                    for i, j in xidmap.pop((record._name, record.id)):
                        lines[i][j] = xid
            assert not xidmap, "failed to export xids for %s" % ', '.join('{}:{}' % it for it in xidmap.items())

        if _is_toplevel_call:
            self.env.cr.cache.pop('export_properties_cache', None)

        return lines

    def export_data(self, fields_to_export):
        """ Export fields for selected objects

        This method is used when exporting data via client menu

        :param list fields_to_export: list of fields
        :returns: dictionary with a *datas* matrix
        :rtype: dict
        """
        if not (self.env.is_admin() or self.env.user.has_group('base.group_allow_export')):
            raise UserError(_("You don't have the rights to export data. Please contact an Administrator."))
        fields_to_export = [fix_import_export_id_paths(f) for f in fields_to_export]
        return {'datas': self._export_rows(fields_to_export)}

    @api.model
    def load(self, fields, data):
        """
        Attempts to load the data matrix, and returns a list of ids (or
        ``False`` if there was an error and no id could be generated) and a
        list of messages.

        The ids are those of the records created and saved (in database), in
        the same order they were extracted from the file. They can be passed
        directly to :meth:`~read`

        :param fields: list of fields to import, at the same index as the corresponding data
        :type fields: list(str)
        :param data: row-major matrix of data to import
        :type data: list(list(str))
        :returns: {ids: list(int)|False, messages: [Message][, lastrow: int]}
        """
        from .fields_relational import One2many  # noqa: PLC0415

        # determine values of mode, current_module and noupdate
        mode = self.env.context.get('mode', 'init')
        current_module = self.env.context.get('module', '__import__')
        noupdate = self.env.context.get('noupdate', False)
        # add current module in context for the conversion of xml ids
        self = self.with_context(_import_current_module=current_module)

        cr = self.env.cr
        savepoint = cr.savepoint()

        fields = [fix_import_export_id_paths(f) for f in fields]

        ids = []
        messages = []

        # list of (xid, vals, info) for records to be created in batch
        batch = []
        batch_xml_ids = set()
        # models in which we may have created / modified data, therefore might
        # require flushing in order to name_search: the root model and any
        # o2m
        creatable_models = {self._name}
        for field_path in fields:
            if field_path[0] in (None, 'id', '.id'):
                continue
            model_fields = self._fields
            for field_name in field_path:
                if field_name in (None, 'id', '.id'):
                    break

                if isinstance(model_fields.get(field_name), One2many):
                    comodel = model_fields[field_name].comodel_name
                    creatable_models.add(comodel)
                    model_fields = self.env[comodel]._fields

        def flush(*, xml_id=None, model=None):
            if not batch:
                return

            assert not (xml_id and model), \
                "flush can specify *either* an external id or a model, not both"

            if xml_id and xml_id not in batch_xml_ids:
                if xml_id not in self.env:
                    return
            if model and model not in creatable_models:
                return

            data_list = [
                dict(xml_id=xid, values=vals, info=info, noupdate=noupdate)
                for xid, vals, info in batch
            ]
            batch.clear()
            batch_xml_ids.clear()

            # try to create in batch
            global_error_message = None
            try:
                with cr.savepoint():
                    recs = self._load_records(data_list, mode == 'update')
                    ids.extend(recs.ids)
                return
            except psycopg2.InternalError as e:
                # broken transaction, exit and hope the source error was already logged
                if not any(message['type'] == 'error' for message in messages):
                    info = data_list[0]['info']
                    messages.append(dict(info, type='error', message=_(u"Unknown database error: '%s'", e)))
                return
            except UserError as e:
                global_error_message = dict(data_list[0]['info'], type='error', message=str(e))
            except Exception:
                pass

            errors = 0
            # try again, this time record by record
            for i, rec_data in enumerate(data_list, 1):
                try:
                    rec = self._load_records([rec_data], mode == 'update')
                    cr.flush()  # make sure flush exceptions are raised here
                    ids.append(rec.id)
                except psycopg2.Warning as e:
                    savepoint.rollback()
                    info = rec_data['info']
                    messages.append(dict(info, type='warning', message=str(e)))
                except psycopg2.Error as e:
                    savepoint.rollback()
                    info = rec_data['info']
                    pg_error_info = {'message': self._sql_error_to_message(e)}
                    if e.diag.table_name == self._table:
                        e_fields = get_columns_from_sql_diagnostics(self.env.cr, e.diag, check_registry=True)
                        if len(e_fields) == 1:
                            pg_error_info['field'] = e_fields[0]
                    messages.append(dict(info, type='error', **pg_error_info))
                    # Failed to write, log to messages, rollback savepoint (to
                    # avoid broken transaction) and keep going
                    errors += 1
                except UserError as e:
                    savepoint.rollback()
                    info = rec_data['info']
                    messages.append(dict(info, type='error', message=str(e)))
                    errors += 1
                except Exception as e:  # noqa: BLE001
                    savepoint.rollback()
                    _logger.debug("Error while loading record", exc_info=True)
                    info = rec_data['info']
                    message = _('Unknown error during import: %(error_type)s: %(error_message)s', error_type=e.__class__, error_message=e)
                    moreinfo = _('Resolve other errors first')
                    messages.append(dict(info, type='error', message=message, moreinfo=moreinfo))
                    # Failed for some reason, perhaps due to invalid data supplied,
                    # rollback savepoint and keep going
                    errors += 1
                if errors >= 10 and (errors >= i / 10):
                    messages.append({
                        'type': 'warning',
                        'message': _("Found more than 10 errors and more than one error per 10 records, interrupted to avoid showing too many errors.")
                    })
                    break
            if errors > 0 and global_error_message and global_error_message not in messages:
                # If we cannot create the records 1 by 1, we display the error raised when we created the records simultaneously
                messages.insert(0, global_error_message)

        # make 'flush' available to the methods below, in the case where XMLID
        # resolution fails, for instance
        flush_recordset = self.with_context(import_flush=flush, import_cache=LRU(1024))

        # TODO: break load's API instead of smuggling via context?
        limit = self.env.context.get('_import_limit')
        if limit is None:
            limit = float('inf')
        extracted = flush_recordset._extract_records(fields, data, log=messages.append, limit=limit)

        converted = flush_recordset._convert_records(extracted, log=messages.append, savepoint=savepoint)

        info = {'rows': {'to': -1}}
        for id, xid, record, info in converted:
            if self.env.context.get('import_file') and self.env.context.get('import_skip_records'):
                if any([record.get(field) is None for field in self.env.context['import_skip_records']]):
                    continue
            if xid:
                xid = xid if '.' in xid else "%s.%s" % (current_module, xid)
                batch_xml_ids.add(xid)
            elif id:
                record['id'] = id
            batch.append((xid, record, info))

        flush()
        if any(message['type'] == 'error' for message in messages):
            savepoint.rollback()
            ids = False
            # cancel all changes done to the registry/ormcache
            self.pool.reset_changes()
        savepoint.close(rollback=False)

        nextrow = info['rows']['to'] + 1
        if nextrow < limit:
            nextrow = 0
        return {
            'ids': ids,
            'messages': messages,
            'nextrow': nextrow,
        }

    def _extract_records(self, field_paths, data, log=lambda a: None, limit=float('inf')):
        """ Generates record dicts from the data sequence.

        The result is a generator of dicts mapping field names to raw
        (unconverted, unvalidated) values.

        For relational fields, if sub-fields were provided the value will be
        a list of sub-records

        The following sub-fields may be set on the record (by key):

        * None is the display_name for the record (to use with name_create/name_search)
        * "id" is the External ID for the record
        * ".id" is the Database ID for the record
        """
        fields = self._fields

        get_o2m_values = itemgetter_tuple([
            index
            for index, fnames in enumerate(field_paths)
            if fnames[0] in fields and fields[fnames[0]].type == 'one2many'
        ])
        get_nono2m_values = itemgetter_tuple([
            index
            for index, fnames in enumerate(field_paths)
            if fnames[0] not in fields or fields[fnames[0]].type != 'one2many'
        ])
        # Checks if the provided row has any non-empty one2many fields
        def only_o2m_values(row):
            return any(get_o2m_values(row)) and not any(get_nono2m_values(row))

        property_definitions = {}
        property_columns = defaultdict(list)
        for fname, *__ in field_paths:
            if not fname:
                continue
            if '.' not in fname:
                if fname not in fields:
                    raise ValueError(f'Invalid field name {fname!r}')
                continue

            f_prop_name, property_name = fname.split('.')
            if f_prop_name not in fields or fields[f_prop_name].type != 'properties':
                # Can be .id
                continue

            definition = self.get_property_definition(fname)
            if not definition:
                # Can happen if someone remove the property, UserError ?
                raise ValueError(f"Property {property_name!r} doesn't have any definition on {fname!r} field")

            property_definitions[fname] = definition
            property_columns[f_prop_name].append(fname)

        # m2o fields can't be on multiple lines so don't take it in account
        # for only_o2m_values rows filter, but special-case it later on to
        # be handled with relational fields (as it can have subfields).
        def is_relational(fname):
            return (
                fname in fields and
                fields[fname].relational
            ) or (
                fname in property_definitions and
                property_definitions[fname].get('type') in ('many2one', 'many2many')
            )

        index = 0
        while index < len(data) and index < limit:
            row = data[index]

            # copy non-relational fields to record dict
            record = {
                fnames[0]: value
                for fnames, value in zip(field_paths, row)
                if not is_relational(fnames[0])
            }

            # Get all following rows which have relational values attached to
            # the current record (no non-relational values)
            record_span = itertools.takewhile(
                only_o2m_values,
                (data[j] for j in range(index + 1, len(data))),
            )
            # stitch record row back on for relational fields
            record_span = list(itertools.chain([row], record_span))

            for relfield, *__ in field_paths:
                if not is_relational(relfield):
                    continue

                if relfield not in property_definitions:
                    comodel = self.env[fields[relfield].comodel_name]
                else:
                    comodel = self.env[property_definitions[relfield]['comodel']]

                # get only cells for this sub-field, should be strictly
                # non-empty, field path [None] is for display_name field
                indices, subfields = zip(*((index, fnames[1:] or [None])
                                           for index, fnames in enumerate(field_paths)
                                           if fnames[0] == relfield))

                # return all rows which have at least one value for the
                # subfields of relfield
                relfield_data = [it for it in map(itemgetter_tuple(indices), record_span) if any(it)]
                record[relfield] = [
                    subrecord
                    for subrecord, _subinfo in comodel._extract_records(subfields, relfield_data, log=log)
                ]

            for properties_fname, property_indexes_names in property_columns.items():
                properties = []
                for property_name in property_indexes_names:
                    value = record.pop(property_name)
                    properties.append(dict(**property_definitions[property_name], value=value))
                record[properties_fname] = properties

            yield record, {'rows': {
                'from': index,
                'to': index + len(record_span) - 1,
            }}
            index += len(record_span)

    @api.model
    def _convert_records(self, records, *, log=lambda a: None, savepoint):
        """ Converts records from the source iterable (recursive dicts of
        strings) into forms which can be written to the database (via
        ``self.create`` or ``(ir.model.data)._update``)

        :returns: a list of triplets of (id, xid, record)
        :rtype: list[(int|None, str|None, dict)]
        """
        field_names = {name: field.string for name, field in self._fields.items()}
        if self.env.lang:
            field_names.update(self.env['ir.model.fields'].get_field_string(self._name))

        convert = self.env['ir.fields.converter'].for_model(self, savepoint=savepoint)

        def _log(base, record, field, exception):
            type = 'warning' if isinstance(exception, Warning) else 'error'
            # logs the logical (not human-readable) field name for automated
            # processing of response, but injects human readable in message
            field_name = field_names[field]
            exc_vals = dict(base, record=record, field=field_name)
            record = dict(base, type=type, record=record, field=field,
                          message=str(exception.args[0]) % exc_vals)
            if len(exception.args) > 1:
                info = {}
                if exception.args[1] and isinstance(exception.args[1], dict):
                    info = exception.args[1]
                # ensure field_name is added to the exception. Used in import to
                # concatenate multiple errors in the same block
                info['field_name'] = field_name
                record.update(info)
            log(record)

        for stream_index, (record, extras) in enumerate(records):
            # xid
            xid = record.get('id', False)
            # dbid
            dbid = False
            if record.get('.id'):
                try:
                    dbid = int(record['.id'])
                except ValueError:
                    # in case of overridden id column
                    dbid = record['.id']
                if not self.search([('id', '=', dbid)]):
                    log(dict(extras,
                        type='error',
                        record=stream_index,
                        field='.id',
                        message=_(u"Unknown database identifier '%s'", dbid)))
                    dbid = False

            converted = convert(record, functools.partial(_log, extras, stream_index))

            yield dbid, xid, converted, dict(extras, record=stream_index)

    def _validate_fields(self, field_names: Iterable[str], excluded_names: Iterable[str] = ()) -> None:
        """ Invoke the constraint methods for which at least one field name is
        in ``field_names`` and none is in ``excluded_names``.
        """
        methods = self._constraint_methods
        if not methods:
            return
        # run constrains just as sudoed computed-stored fields
        # see Field.compute_value()
        records = self.sudo()
        field_names = set(field_names)
        excluded_names = set(excluded_names)
        for check in methods:
            if (not field_names.isdisjoint(check._constrains)
                    and excluded_names.isdisjoint(check._constrains)):
                check(records)

    @api.model
    def default_get(self, fields: Sequence[str]) -> ValuesType:
        """Return default values for the fields in ``fields_list``. Default
        values are determined by the context, user defaults, user fallbacks
        and the model itself.

        :param fields: names of field whose default is requested
        :return: a dictionary mapping field names to their corresponding default values,
            if they have a default value.

        .. note::

            Unrequested defaults won't be considered, there is no need to return a
            value for fields whose names are not in `fields_list`.
        """
        defaults = {}
        parent_fields = defaultdict(list)
        ir_defaults = self.env['ir.default']._get_model_defaults(self._name)

        for name in fields:
            # 1. look up context
            key = 'default_' + name
            if key in self.env.context:
                defaults[name] = self.env.context[key]
                continue

            field = self._fields.get(name)
            if not field:
                continue

            # 2. look up default for non-company_dependent fields
            if not field.company_dependent and name in ir_defaults:
                defaults[name] = ir_defaults[name]
                continue

            # 3. look up field.default
            if field.default:
                defaults[name] = field.default(self)
                continue

            # 4. look up fallback for company_dependent fields
            if field.company_dependent and name in ir_defaults:
                defaults[name] = ir_defaults[name]
                continue

            # 5. delegate to parent model
            if field.inherited:
                field = field.related_field
                parent_fields[field.model_name].append(field.name)

        # convert default values to the right format
        #
        # we explicitly avoid using _convert_to_write() for x2many fields,
        # because the latter leaves values like [(Command.LINK, 2),
        # (Command.LINK, 3)], which are not supported by the web client as
        # default values; stepping through the cache allows to normalize
        # such a list to [(Command.SET, 0, [2, 3])], which is properly
        # supported by the web client
        for fname, value in defaults.items():
            if fname in self._fields:
                field = self._fields[fname]
                value = field.convert_to_cache(value, self, validate=False)
                defaults[fname] = field.convert_to_write(value, self)

        # add default values for inherited fields
        for model, names in parent_fields.items():
            defaults.update(self.env[model].default_get(names))

        return defaults

    @api.model
    def _rec_name_fallback(self) -> str:
        # if self._rec_name is set, it belongs to self._fields
        return self._rec_name or 'id'

    @api.model
    @api.readonly
    def search_count(self, domain: DomainType, limit: int | None = None) -> int:
        """Return the number of records in the current model matching
        :ref:`the provided domain <reference/orm/domains>`.

        :param domain: :ref:`A search domain <reference/orm/domains>`. Use an empty
                     list to match all records.
        :param limit: maximum number of record to count (upperbound) (default: all)

        This is a high-level method, which should not be overridden. Its actual
        implementation is done by method :meth:`_search`.
        """
        query = self._search(domain, limit=limit)
        return len(query)

    @api.model
    @api.readonly
    def search(self, domain: DomainType, offset: int = 0, limit: int | None = None, order: str | None = None) -> Self:
        """Search for the records that satisfy the given ``domain``
        :ref:`search domain <reference/orm/domains>`.

        :param domain: :ref:`A search domain <reference/orm/domains>`. Use an empty
                     list to match all records.
        :param offset: number of results to ignore (default: none)
        :param limit: maximum number of records to return (default: all)
        :param order: sort string
        :returns: at most ``limit`` records matching the search criteria
        :raise AccessError: if user is not allowed to access requested information

        This is a high-level method, which should not be overridden. Its actual
        implementation is done by method :meth:`_search`.
        """
        return self.search_fetch(domain, [], offset=offset, limit=limit, order=order)

    @api.model
    @api.private
    @api.readonly
    def search_fetch(
        self,
        domain: DomainType,
        field_names: Sequence[str] | None = None,
        offset: int = 0,
        limit: int | None = None,
        order: str | None = None,
    ) -> Self:
        """Search for the records that satisfy the given ``domain``
        :ref:`search domain <reference/orm/domains>`, and fetch the given fields
        to the cache.  This method is like a combination of methods :meth:`search`
        and :meth:`fetch`, but it performs both tasks with a minimal number of
        SQL queries.

        :param domain: :ref:`A search domain <reference/orm/domains>`. Use an empty
                     list to match all records.
        :param field_names: a collection of field names to fetch, or ``None`` for
            all accessible fields marked with ``prefetch=True``
        :param offset: number of results to ignore (default: none)
        :param limit: maximum number of records to return (default: all)
        :param order: sort string
        :returns: at most ``limit`` records matching the search criteria
        :raise AccessError: if user is not allowed to access requested information
        """
        # first determine a query that satisfies the domain and access rules
        query = self._search(domain, offset=offset, limit=limit, order=order or self._order)

        if query.is_empty():
            # optimization: don't execute the query at all
            if not self.env.su:  # check access to fields
                self._determine_fields_to_fetch(field_names)
            return self.browse()

        fields_to_fetch = self._determine_fields_to_fetch(field_names)

        return self._fetch_query(query, fields_to_fetch)

    #
    # display_name, name_create, name_search
    #

    @api.depends(lambda self: (self._rec_name,) if self._rec_name else ())
    def _compute_display_name(self):
        """Compute the value of the `display_name` field.

        The `display_name` field is a textual representation of the record.
        This method can be overridden to change the representation.  If needed,
        it can be made field-dependent using :attr:`~odoo.api.depends` and
        context-dependent using :attr:`~odoo.api.depends_context`.
        """
        if self._rec_name:
            convert = self._fields[self._rec_name].convert_to_display_name
            for record in self:
                record.display_name = convert(record[self._rec_name], record)
        else:
            for record in self:
                record.display_name = f"{record._name},{record.id}"

    @api.model
    def _search_display_name(self, operator, value):
        """
        Returns a domain that matches records whose display name matches the
        given ``name`` pattern when compared with the given ``operator``.
        This method is used to implement the search on the ``display_name``
        field, and can be overridden to change the search criteria.
        The default implementation searches the fields defined in `_rec_names_search`
        or `_rec_name`.
        """
        search_fnames = self._rec_names_search or ([self._rec_name] if self._rec_name else [])
        if not search_fnames:
            _logger.warning("Cannot search on display_name, no _rec_name or _rec_names_search defined on %s", self._name)
            # do not restrain anything
            return Domain.TRUE
        if operator.endswith('like') and not value and '=' not in operator:
            # optimize out the default criterion of ``like ''`` that matches everything
            # return all when operator is positive
            return Domain.FALSE if operator in Domain.NEGATIVE_OPERATORS else Domain.TRUE
        aggregator = Domain.AND if operator in Domain.NEGATIVE_OPERATORS else Domain.OR
        domains = []
        for field_name in search_fnames:
            # field_name may be a sequence of field names (partner_id.name)
            # retrieve the last field in the sequence
            model = self
            for fname in field_name.split('.'):
                field = model._fields[fname]
                model = self.env.get(field.comodel_name)
            # depending on the operator, we may need to cast the value to the type of the field
            # ignore if we cannot convert
            if field.relational:
                # relational fields will search on the display_name
                domains.append([(field_name + '.display_name', operator, value)])
            elif operator.endswith('like'):
                domains.append([(field_name, operator, value)])
            elif isinstance(value, COLLECTION_TYPES):
                typed_value = []
                for v in value:
                    with contextlib.suppress(ValueError, TypeError):
                        typed_value.append(field.convert_to_write(v, self))
                domains.append([(field_name, operator, typed_value)])
            else:
                with contextlib.suppress(ValueError):
                    typed_value = field.convert_to_write(value, self)
                    domains.append([(field_name, operator, typed_value)])
                continue
            with contextlib.suppress(ValueError, TypeError):
                # ignore that case if the value doesn't match the field type
                domains.append([(field_name, operator, field.convert_to_write(value, self))])
        return aggregator(domains)

    @api.model
    def name_create(self, name: str) -> tuple[int, str] | typing.Literal[False]:
        """Create a new record by calling :meth:`~.create` with only one value
        provided: the display name of the new record.

        The new record will be initialized with any default values
        applicable to this model, or provided through the context. The usual
        behavior of :meth:`~.create` applies.

        :param name: display name of the record to create
        :return: the (id, display_name) pair value of the created record
        """
        if self._rec_name:
            record = self.create({self._rec_name: name})
            return record.id, record.display_name
        else:
            # TODO raise an error, remove False return value
            _logger.warning("Cannot execute name_create, no _rec_name defined on %s", self._name)
            return False

    @api.model
    @api.readonly
    def name_search(
        self,
        name: str = '',
        domain: DomainType | None = None,
        operator: str = 'ilike',
        limit: int = 100,
    ) -> list[tuple[int, str]]:
        """Search for records that have a display name matching the given
        ``name`` pattern when compared with the given ``operator``, while also
        matching the optional search domain (``domain``).

        This is used for example to provide suggestions based on a partial
        value for a relational field. Should usually behave as the reverse of
        ``display_name``, but that is not guaranteed.

        This method is equivalent to calling :meth:`~.search` with a search
        domain based on ``display_name`` and mapping id and display_name on
        the resulting search.

        :param name: the name pattern to match
        :param domain: search domain (see :meth:`~.search` for syntax),
                       specifying further restrictions
        :param operator: domain operator for matching ``name``,
                         such as ``'like'`` or ``'='``.
        :param limit: max number of records to return
        :return: list of pairs ``(id, display_name)`` for all matching records.
        """
        domain = Domain('display_name', operator, name) & Domain(domain or Domain.TRUE)
        records = self.search_fetch(domain, ['display_name'], limit=limit)
        return [(record.id, record.display_name) for record in records.sudo()]

    @api.model
    def _add_missing_default_values(self, values: ValuesType) -> ValuesType:
        # avoid overriding inherited values when parent is set
        avoid_models = set()

        def collect_models_to_avoid(model):
            for parent_mname, parent_fname in model._inherits.items():
                if parent_fname in values:
                    avoid_models.add(parent_mname)
                else:
                    # manage the case where an ancestor parent field is set
                    collect_models_to_avoid(self.env[parent_mname])

        collect_models_to_avoid(self)

        def avoid(field):
            # check whether the field is inherited from one of avoid_models
            if avoid_models:
                while field.inherited:
                    field = field.related_field
                    if field.model_name in avoid_models:
                        return True
            return False

        # compute missing fields
        missing_defaults = [
            name
            for name, field in self._fields.items()
            if name not in values
            if not avoid(field)
        ]

        if missing_defaults:
            # override defaults with the provided values, never allow the other way around
            defaults = self.default_get(missing_defaults)
            for name, value in defaults.items():
                if self._fields[name].type == 'many2many' and value and isinstance(value[0], int):
                    # convert a list of ids into a list of commands
                    defaults[name] = [Command.set(value)]
                elif self._fields[name].type == 'one2many' and value and isinstance(value[0], dict):
                    # convert a list of dicts into a list of commands
                    defaults[name] = [Command.create(x) for x in value]
            defaults.update(values)

        else:
            defaults = values

        # delegate the default properties to the properties field
        for field in self._fields.values():
            if field.type == 'properties':
                defaults[field.name] = field._add_default_values(self.env, defaults)

        return defaults

    @api.model
    def _read_grouping_sets(
        self,
        domain: DomainType,
        grouping_sets: Sequence[Sequence[str]],
        aggregates: Sequence[str] = (),
        order: str | None = None,
    ) -> list[list[tuple]]:
        """ Performs multiple aggregations with different groupings in a single query if possible.

        This method uses SQL `GROUPING SETS` as a more advanced and efficient
        alternative to calling :meth:`~._read_group` multiple times with different
        `groupby` parameters. It allows you to get different levels of aggregated
        data in one database round-trip.
        Note that for many2many multiple SQL might be needed because of the deduplicated rows.

        :param domain: :ref:`A search domain <reference/orm/domains>` to filter records before grouping
        :param grouping_sets: A list of `groupby` specifications. Each inner list
                              is a set of fields to group by and is equivalent to the
                              `groupby` parameter of the :meth:`~._read_group` method.
                              For example: `[['partner_id'], ['partner_id', 'state']]`.
        :param aggregates: list of aggregates specification.
                Each element is `'field:agg'` (aggregate field with aggregation function `'agg'`).
                The possible aggregation functions are the ones provided by
                `PostgreSQL <https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/functions-aggregate.html>`_,
                `'count_distinct'` with the expected meaning and `'recordset'` to act like `'array_agg'`
                converted into a recordset.
        :param order: optional ``order by`` specification, for
                overriding the natural sort ordering of the groups,
                see also :meth:`~.search`.
        :return: A list of lists of tuples. The outer list's structure mirrors the
                 input `grouping_sets`. Each inner list contains the results for one
                 grouping specification. Each tuple within an inner list contains the
                 values for the grouped fields, followed by the aggregate values,
                 in the order they were specified.

                 For example, given:
                 - `grouping_sets=[['foo'], ['foo', 'bar']]`
                 - `aggregates=['baz:sum']`

                 The returned structure would be:
                  ::

                    [
                        # Results for ['foo']
                        [(foo1_val, baz_sum_1), (foo2_val, baz_sum_2), ...],
                        # Results for ['foo', 'bar']
                        [(foo1_val, bar1_val, baz_sum_3), (foo2_val, bar2_val, baz_sum_4), ...],
                    ]

        :raise AccessError: if user is not allowed to access requested information
        """
        if not grouping_sets:
            raise ValueError("The 'grouping_sets' parameter cannot be empty.")

        query = self._search(domain)
        result = [[] for __ in grouping_sets]
        if query.is_empty():
            return result

        # grouping_sets: [(a, b), (a), ()]
        # all_groupby_specs: (a, b)
        all_groupby_specs = tuple(unique(spec for groupby in grouping_sets for spec in groupby))

        # --- Many2many Special Handling ---
        many2many_groupby_specs = []
        if len(grouping_sets) > 1:  # many2many logic only applies if we have multiple groupings

            def might_duplicate_rows(model, spec) -> bool:
                fname, property_name, __ = parse_read_group_spec(spec)
                field = model._fields[fname]
                if field.type == 'properties':
                    definition = self.get_property_definition(f"{fname}.{property_name}")
                    property_type = definition.get('type')
                    return property_type in ('tags', 'many2many')

                if property_name:
                    assert field.type == 'many2one'
                    return might_duplicate_rows(self.env[field.comodel_name], property_name)

                return field.type == 'many2many'

            for spec in all_groupby_specs:
                if might_duplicate_rows(self, spec):
                    many2many_groupby_specs.append(spec)

        if (
            many2many_groupby_specs and
            # If aggregates are sensitive to row duplication (like sum, avg), we must isolate M2M groupings.
            any(
                not aggregate.endswith(
                    (':max', ':min', ':bool_and', ':bool_or', ':array_agg_distinct', ':recordset', ':count_distinct'),
                )
                for aggregate in aggregates if aggregate != '__count'
            )
        ):
            # The following logic is a recursive decomposition strategy. It's complex
            # but necessary to prevent M2M joins from corrupting aggregates in other grouping sets.
            # We find all combinations of M2M fields and create a sub-call for grouping sets
            # that share that exact combination of M2M fields.

            # ['A', 'B', 'C'] => [('A', 'B', 'C'), ('A', 'B'), ('A', 'C'), ('B', 'C'), ('A',), ('B',), ('C',), ()]
            m2m_combinaisons = (
                groupby for i in range(len(many2many_groupby_specs), -1, -1)
                for groupby in itertools.combinations(many2many_groupby_specs, i)
            )

            grouping_sets_to_process = dict(enumerate(grouping_sets))
            batched_calls = []  # [([groupby, ...], [index_result, ...])]

            for m2m_comb in m2m_combinaisons:
                if not grouping_sets_to_process:
                    break
                sub_grouping_sets = []
                sub_result_indexes = []
                for i, groupby in list(grouping_sets_to_process.items()):
                    if all(m2m in groupby for m2m in m2m_comb):
                        sub_grouping_sets.append(groupby)
                        sub_result_indexes.append(i)
                        grouping_sets_to_process.pop(i)

                if sub_grouping_sets:
                    batched_calls.append((sub_result_indexes, sub_grouping_sets))

            assert not grouping_sets_to_process
            # If the problem was decomposed, make recursive calls and assemble results.
            if len(batched_calls) > 1:
                for indexes, sub_grouping_sets in batched_calls:

                    sub_order_parts = []
                    all_sub_groupby = {spec for groupby in sub_grouping_sets for spec in groupby}
                    for order_part in (order or '').split(','):
                        order_part = order_part.strip()
                        if not any(
                            order_part.startswith(spec)
                            for spec in all_groupby_specs if spec not in all_sub_groupby
                        ):
                            sub_order_parts.append(order_part)

                    sub_results = self._read_grouping_sets(
                        domain, sub_grouping_sets, aggregates=aggregates, order=",".join(sub_order_parts),
                    )
                    for index, subresult in zip(indexes, sub_results):
                        result[index] = subresult
                return result

        elif many2many_groupby_specs and '__count' in aggregates:
            # Efficiently handle '__count' with M2M fields by using a distinct count on 'id'
            # without making another _read_grouping_sets (this is the very common case).
            aggregates = tuple(
                aggregate if aggregate != '__count' else 'id:count_distinct'
                for aggregate in aggregates
            )
            if order:
                order = order.replace('__count', 'id:count_distinct')

        # --- SQL Query Construction ---
        groupby_terms: dict[str, SQL] = {
            spec: self._read_group_groupby(self._table, spec, query) for spec in all_groupby_specs
        }
        aggregates_terms: list[SQL] = [
            self._read_group_select(spec, query) for spec in aggregates
        ]
        if groupby_terms:
            # grouping_select_sql: GROUPING(a, b)
            grouping_select_sql = SQL("GROUPING(%s)", SQL(", ").join(unique(groupby_terms.values())))
        else:
            # GROUPING() is invalid SQL, so we use the 0 as literal
            grouping_select_sql = SQL("0")

        select_args = [grouping_select_sql, *groupby_terms.values(), *aggregates_terms]

        # _read_group_orderby may change groupby_terms then it is necessary to be call before
        query.order = self._read_group_orderby(order, groupby_terms, query)
        # GROUPING SET ((a, b), (a), ())
        grouping_sets_sql = [
            SQL("(%s)", SQL(", ").join(groupby_terms[groupby_spec] for groupby_spec in grouping_set))
            for grouping_set in grouping_sets
        ]
        query.groupby = SQL("GROUPING SETS (%s)", SQL(", ").join(unique(grouping_sets_sql)))

        # This handles the case where `order` adds columns that must also be in `GROUP BY`.
        # Rebuild the grouping sets to include these extra terms.

        # row_values: [(GROUPING(...), a1, b1, aggregates...), (GROUPING(...), a2, b2, aggregates...), ...]
        row_values = self.env.execute_query(query.select(*select_args))

        if not row_values:  # shortcut
            return result

        # --- Result Post-Processing ---
        # This is the core of the result dispatching logic. It uses the integer
        # returned by GROUPING() as a key to map each result row to the correct
        # grouping set defined by the user.
        aggregates_indexes = tuple(range(len(all_groupby_specs), len(all_groupby_specs) + len(aggregates)))

        # Map each possible GROUPING() bitmask to its corresponding result list and value extractor.
        # {GROUPING(...): (append_method, extractor_method)}
        mask_grouping_mapping = {}

        # Create a mapping from each unique SQL GROUP BY term to its bitmask value.
        # The terms are reversed to match the PostgreSQL logic where the bitmask was
        # calculated from right to left (LSB first).
        # See PostgreSQL Doc: https://www.postgresql.org/docs/17/functions-aggregate.html#Grouping-Operations
        mask_sql_mapping = {
            sql_groupby: 1 << i
            for i, sql_groupby in enumerate(unique(reversed(groupby_terms.values())))
        }

        mask_grouping_result_indexes = defaultdict(list)  # To manage "duplicated" groupby
        for result_index, groupby in enumerate(grouping_sets):
            # E.g. GROUPING SET ((a, b), (a), ())
            # GROUPING(a, b): a and b included = 0, a included = 1, b included = 2, none included = 3
            sql_terms = {groupby_terms[groupby_spec] for groupby_spec in groupby}
            groupby_mask = sum(
                mask for sql_term, mask in mask_sql_mapping.items()
                # each bit is 0 if the corresponding expression is included in the grouping criteria
                # of the grouping set generating the current result row, and 1 if it is not included.
                if sql_term not in sql_terms
            )

            mask_grouping_result_indexes[groupby_mask].append(result_index)
            if groupby_mask not in mask_grouping_mapping:
                mask_grouping_mapping[groupby_mask] = (
                    result[result_index].append,
                    itemgetter_tuple(list(itertools.chain(
                        (all_groupby_specs.index(groupby_spec) for groupby_spec in groupby),
                        aggregates_indexes,
                    ))),
                )

        aggregates_start_index = len(all_groupby_specs) + 1
        # Transpose rows to columns for efficient, column-wise post-processing.
        columns = list(zip(*row_values))
        # The first column is the grouping mask
        dispatch_info = map(mask_grouping_mapping.__getitem__, columns[0])
        # Post-process values column by column
        columns = [
            *map(self._read_group_postprocess_groupby, all_groupby_specs, columns[1:aggregates_start_index]),
            *map(self._read_group_postprocess_aggregate, aggregates, columns[aggregates_start_index:]),
        ]

        # result: [
        #   [(a1, b1, <aggregates>), (a2, b2, <aggregates>), ...],
        #   [(a1, <aggregates>), (a2, <aggregates>), ...],
        #   [(<aggregates>)],
        # ]
        for (append_method, extractor), *row in zip(dispatch_info, *columns, strict=True):
            append_method(extractor(row))

        # Manage groupbys targetting the same column(s), then having the same results
        for duplicate_groups_indexes in mask_grouping_result_indexes.values():
            if len(duplicate_groups_indexes) < 2:
                continue
            # The first index's result is the source for all others in this group
            source_result_group = result[duplicate_groups_indexes[0]]
            for duplicate_group_index in duplicate_groups_indexes[1:]:
                result[duplicate_group_index] = source_result_group[:]

        return result

    @api.model
    def _read_group(
        self,
        domain: DomainType,
        groupby: Sequence[str] = (),
        aggregates: Sequence[str] = (),
        having: DomainType = (),
        offset: int = 0,
        limit: int | None = None,
        order: str | None = None,
    ) -> list[tuple]:
        """ Get fields aggregations specified by ``aggregates`` grouped by the given ``groupby``
        fields where record are filtered by the ``domain``.

        :param domain: :ref:`A search domain <reference/orm/domains>`. Use an empty
                list to match all records.
        :param groupby: list of groupby descriptions by which the records will be grouped.
                A groupby description is either a field (then it will be grouped by that field)
                or a string `'field:granularity'`. Right now, the only supported granularities
                are `'day'`, `'week'`, `'month'`, `'quarter'` or `'year'`, and they only make sense for
                date/datetime fields.
                Additionally integer date parts are also supported:
                `'year_number'`, `'quarter_number'`, `'month_number'`, `'iso_week_number'`, `'day_of_year'`, `'day_of_month'`,
                'day_of_week', 'hour_number', 'minute_number' and 'second_number'.
        :param aggregates: list of aggregates specification.
                Each element is `'field:agg'` (aggregate field with aggregation function `'agg'`).
                The possible aggregation functions are the ones provided by
                `PostgreSQL <https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/functions-aggregate.html>`_,
                `'count_distinct'` with the expected meaning and `'recordset'` to act like `'array_agg'`
                converted into a recordset.
        :param having: A domain where the valid "fields" are the aggregates.
        :param offset: optional number of groups to skip
        :param limit: optional max number of groups to return
        :param order: optional ``order by`` specification, for
                overriding the natural sort ordering of the groups,
                see also :meth:`~.search`.
        :return: list of tuples containing in the order the groups values and aggregates values (flatten):
                `[(groupby_1_value, ... , aggregate_1_value_aggregate, ...), ...]`.
                If group is related field, the value of it will be a recordset (with a correct prefetch set).

        :raise AccessError: if user is not allowed to access requested information
        """
        self.browse().check_access('read')

        query = self._search(domain)
        if query.is_empty():
            if not groupby:
                # when there is no group, postgresql always return a row
                return [tuple(
                    self._read_group_empty_value(spec)
                    for spec in itertools.chain(groupby, aggregates)
                )]
            return []

        query.limit = limit
        query.offset = offset

        groupby_terms: dict[str, SQL] = {
            spec: self._read_group_groupby(self._table, spec, query)
            for spec in groupby
        }
        aggregates_terms: list[SQL] = [
            self._read_group_select(spec, query)
            for spec in aggregates
        ]
        select_args = [*[groupby_terms[spec] for spec in groupby], *aggregates_terms]
        if groupby_terms:
            query.order = self._read_group_orderby(order, groupby_terms, query)
            query.groupby = SQL(", ").join(groupby_terms.values())
            query.having = self._read_group_having(list(having), query)

        # row_values: [(a1, b1, c1), (a2, b2, c2), ...]
        row_values = self.env.execute_query(query.select(*select_args))

        if not row_values:
            return row_values

        # post-process values column by column
        column_iterator = zip(*row_values)

        # column_result: [(a1, a2, ...), (b1, b2, ...), (c1, c2, ...)]
        column_result = []
        for spec in groupby:
            column = self._read_group_postprocess_groupby(spec, next(column_iterator))
            column_result.append(column)
        for spec in aggregates:
            column = self._read_group_postprocess_aggregate(spec, next(column_iterator))
            column_result.append(column)
        assert next(column_iterator, None) is None

        # return [(a1, b1, c1), (a2, b2, c2), ...]
        return list(zip(*column_result))

    def _read_group_select(self, aggregate_spec: str, query: Query) -> SQL:
        """ Return <SQL expression> corresponding to the given aggregation.
        The method also checks whether the fields used in the aggregate are
        accessible for reading.
        """
        if aggregate_spec == '__count':
            return SQL("COUNT(*)")

        fname, property_name, func = parse_read_group_spec(aggregate_spec)

        if property_name:
            raise ValueError(f"Invalid {aggregate_spec!r}, this dot notation is not supported")

        if fname not in self._fields:
            raise ValueError(f"Invalid field {fname!r} on model {self._name!r} for {aggregate_spec!r}.")
        if not func:
            raise ValueError(f"Aggregate method is mandatory for {fname!r}")

        field = self._fields[fname]
        if func == 'sum_currency':
            if field.type != 'monetary':
                raise ValueError(f'Aggregator "sum_currency" only works on currency field for {fname!r}')

            CurrencyRate = self.env['res.currency.rate']
            rate_subquery_table = SQL(
                """(SELECT DISTINCT ON (%(currency_field_sql)s) %(currency_field_sql)s, %(rate_field_sql)s
                    FROM "res_currency_rate"
                    WHERE %(company_field_sql)s IS NULL OR %(company_field_sql)s = %(company_id)s
                    ORDER BY
                        %(currency_field_sql)s,
                        %(company_field_sql)s,
                        CASE WHEN %(name_field_sql)s <= %(today)s THEN %(name_field_sql)s END DESC,
                        CASE WHEN %(name_field_sql)s > %(today)s THEN %(name_field_sql)s END ASC)
                """,
                currency_field_sql=CurrencyRate._field_to_sql(CurrencyRate._table, 'currency_id'),
                rate_field_sql=CurrencyRate._field_to_sql(CurrencyRate._table, 'rate'),
                company_field_sql=CurrencyRate._field_to_sql(CurrencyRate._table, 'company_id'),
                company_id=self.env.company.root_id.id,
                name_field_sql=CurrencyRate._field_to_sql(CurrencyRate._table, 'name'),
                today=Date.context_today(self),
            )
            currency_field_name = field.get_currency_field(self)
            alias_rate = query.make_alias(self._table, f'{currency_field_name}__rates')
            currency_field_sql = self._field_to_sql(self._table, currency_field_name, query)
            condition = SQL("%s = %s", currency_field_sql, SQL.identifier(alias_rate, "currency_id"))
            query.add_join('LEFT JOIN', alias_rate, rate_subquery_table, condition)

            return SQL(
                "SUM(%s / COALESCE(%s, 1.0))",
                self._field_to_sql(self._table, fname, query),
                SQL.identifier(alias_rate, "rate"),
            )

        if func not in READ_GROUP_AGGREGATE:
            raise ValueError(f"Invalid aggregate method {func!r} for {aggregate_spec!r}.")

        if func == 'recordset' and not (field.relational or fname == 'id'):
            raise ValueError(f"Aggregate method {func!r} can be only used on relational field (or id) (for {aggregate_spec!r}).")

        sql_field = self._field_to_sql(self._table, fname, query)
        return READ_GROUP_AGGREGATE[func](self._table, sql_field)

    def _read_group_groupby(self, alias: str, groupby_spec: str, query: Query) -> SQL:
        """ Return <SQL expression> corresponding to the given groupby element.
        The method also checks whether the fields used in the groupby are
        accessible for reading.
        """
        fname, seq_fnames, granularity = parse_read_group_spec(groupby_spec)
        if fname not in self._fields:
            raise ValueError(f"Invalid field {fname!r} on model {self._name!r}")

        field = self._fields[fname]

        if field.type == 'properties':
            sql_expr = self._read_group_groupby_properties(alias, field, seq_fnames, query)

        elif seq_fnames:
            if field.type != 'many2one':
                raise ValueError(f"Only many2one path is accepted for the {groupby_spec!r} groupby spec")

            comodel = self.env[field.comodel_name]
            coquery = comodel.with_context(active_test=False)._search([])
            if self.env.su or not coquery.where_clause:
                coalias = query.make_alias(alias, fname)
            else:
                coalias = query.make_alias(alias, f"{fname}__{self.env.uid}")
            condition = SQL(
                "%s = %s",
                self._field_to_sql(alias, fname, query),
                SQL.identifier(coalias, 'id'),
            )
            if coquery.where_clause:
                subselect_arg = SQL('%s.*', SQL.identifier(comodel._table))
                query.add_join('LEFT JOIN', coalias, coquery.subselect(subselect_arg), condition)
            else:
                query.add_join('LEFT JOIN', coalias, comodel._table, condition)
            return comodel._read_group_groupby(coalias, f"{seq_fnames}:{granularity}" if granularity else seq_fnames, query)

        elif granularity and field.type not in ('datetime', 'date', 'properties'):
            raise ValueError(f"Granularity set on a no-datetime field or property: {groupby_spec!r}")

        elif field.type == 'many2many':
            if field.related and not field.store:
                _model, field, alias = self._traverse_related_sql(alias, field, query)

            if not field.store:
                raise ValueError(f"Group by non-stored many2many field: {groupby_spec!r}")
            # special case for many2many fields: prepare a query on the comodel
            # and inject the query as an extra condition of the left join
            codomain = field.get_comodel_domain(self)
            comodel = self.env[field.comodel_name].with_context(**field.context)
            coquery = comodel._search(codomain, bypass_access=field.bypass_search_access)
            # LEFT JOIN {field.relation} AS rel_alias ON
            #     alias.id = rel_alias.{field.column1}
            #     AND rel_alias.{field.column2} IN ({coquery})
            rel_alias = query.make_alias(alias, field.name)
            condition = SQL(
                "%s = %s",
                SQL.identifier(alias, 'id'),
                SQL.identifier(rel_alias, field.column1),
            )
            if coquery.where_clause:
                condition = SQL(
                    "%s AND %s IN %s",
                    condition,
                    SQL.identifier(rel_alias, field.column2),
                    coquery.subselect(),
                )
            query.add_join("LEFT JOIN", rel_alias, field.relation, condition)
            return SQL.identifier(rel_alias, field.column2)

        else:
            sql_expr = self._field_to_sql(alias, fname, query)

        if field.type in ('datetime', 'date') or (field.type == 'properties' and granularity):
            if not granularity:
                raise ValueError(f"Granularity not set on a date(time) field: {groupby_spec!r}")
            if granularity not in READ_GROUP_ALL_TIME_GRANULARITY:
                raise ValueError(f"Granularity specification isn't correct: {granularity!r}")

            if granularity in READ_GROUP_NUMBER_GRANULARITY:
                sql_expr = field.property_to_sql(sql_expr, granularity, self, alias, query)
            elif field.type == 'datetime':
                # set the timezone only
                sql_expr = field.property_to_sql(sql_expr, 'tz', self, alias, query)

            if granularity == 'week':
                # first_week_day: 0=Monday, 1=Tuesday, ...
                first_week_day = int(get_lang(self.env).week_start) - 1
                days_offset = first_week_day and 7 - first_week_day
                interval = f"-{days_offset} DAY"
                sql_expr = SQL(
                    "(date_trunc('week', %s::timestamp - INTERVAL %s) + INTERVAL %s)",
                    sql_expr, interval, interval,
                )
            elif granularity in READ_GROUP_TIME_GRANULARITY:
                sql_expr = SQL("date_trunc(%s, %s::timestamp)", granularity, sql_expr)

            # If the granularity is a part number, the result is a number (double) so no conversion is needed
            if field.type == 'date' and granularity not in READ_GROUP_NUMBER_GRANULARITY:
                # If the granularity uses date_trunc, we need to convert the timestamp back to a date.
                sql_expr = SQL("%s::date", sql_expr)

        elif field.type == 'boolean':
            sql_expr = SQL("COALESCE(%s, FALSE)", sql_expr)

        return sql_expr

    def _read_group_having(self, having_domain: list, query: Query) -> SQL:
        """ Return <SQL expression> corresponding to the having domain.
        """
        if not having_domain:
            return SQL()

        stack: list[SQL] = []
        SUPPORTED = ('in', 'not in', '<', '>', '<=', '>=', '=', '!=')
        for item in reversed(having_domain):
            if item == '!':
                stack.append(SQL("(NOT %s)", stack.pop()))
            elif item == '&':
                stack.append(SQL("(%s AND %s)", stack.pop(), stack.pop()))
            elif item == '|':
                stack.append(SQL("(%s OR %s)", stack.pop(), stack.pop()))
            elif isinstance(item, (list, tuple)) and len(item) == 3:
                left, operator, right = item
                if operator not in SUPPORTED:
                    raise ValueError(f"Invalid having clause {item!r}: supported comparators are {SUPPORTED}")
                sql_left = self._read_group_select(left, query)
                stack.append(SQL("%s%s%s", sql_left, SQL_OPERATORS[operator], right))
            else:
                raise ValueError(f"Invalid having clause {item!r}: it should be a domain-like clause")

        while len(stack) > 1:
            stack.append(SQL("(%s AND %s)", stack.pop(), stack.pop()))

        return stack[0]

    def _read_group_orderby(self, order: str, groupby_terms: dict[str, SQL],
                            query: Query) -> SQL:
        """ Return (<SQL expression>, <SQL expression>)
        corresponding to the given order and groupby terms.

        Note: this method may change groupby_terms

        :param order: the order specification
        :param groupby_terms: the group by terms mapping ({spec: sql_expression})
        :param query: The query we are building
        """
        if order:
            traverse_many2one = True
        else:
            order = ','.join(groupby_terms)
            traverse_many2one = False

        if not order:
            return SQL()

        orderby_terms = []

        for order_part in order.split(','):
            order_match = regex_order_part_read_group.fullmatch(order_part)
            if not order_match:
                raise ValueError(f"Invalid order {order!r} for _read_group()")
            term = order_match['term']
            direction = (order_match['direction'] or 'ASC').upper()
            nulls = (order_match['nulls'] or '').upper()

            sql_direction = SQL(direction) if direction in ('ASC', 'DESC') else SQL()
            sql_nulls = SQL(nulls) if nulls in ('NULLS FIRST', 'NULLS LAST') else SQL()

            if term not in groupby_terms:
                try:
                    sql_expr = self._read_group_select(term, query)
                except ValueError as e:
                    raise ValueError(f"Order term {order_part!r} is not a valid aggregate nor valid groupby") from e
                orderby_terms.append(SQL("%s %s %s", sql_expr, sql_direction, sql_nulls))
                continue

            field = self._fields.get(term)
            __, __, granularity = parse_read_group_spec(term)
            if (
                traverse_many2one and field and field.type == 'many2one'
                and self.env[field.comodel_name]._order != 'id'
            ):
                if sql_order := self._order_to_sql(f'{term} {direction} {nulls}', query):
                    orderby_terms.append(sql_order)
                    if query._order_groupby:
                        groupby_terms[term] = SQL(", ").join([groupby_terms[term], *query._order_groupby])
                        query._order_groupby.clear()

            elif granularity == 'day_of_week':
                """
                Day offset relative to the first day of week in the user lang
                formula: ((7 - first_week_day) + day_in_SQL) % 7

                               | week starts on
                           SQL | mon   sun   sat
                               |  1  |  7  |  6   <-- first_week_day (in odoo)
                          -----|-----------------
                    mon     1  |  0  |  1  |  2
                    tue     2  |  1  |  2  |  3
                    wed     3  |  2  |  3  |  4
                    thu     4  |  3  |  4  |  5
                    fri     5  |  4  |  5  |  6
                    sat     6  |  5  |  6  |  0
                    sun     0  |  6  |  0  |  1
                """
                first_week_day = int(get_lang(self.env).week_start)
                sql_expr = SQL("mod(7 - %s + %s::int, 7)", first_week_day, groupby_terms[term])
                orderby_terms.append(SQL("%s %s %s", sql_expr, sql_direction, sql_nulls))
            else:
                sql_expr = groupby_terms[term]
                orderby_terms.append(SQL("%s %s %s", sql_expr, sql_direction, sql_nulls))

        return SQL(", ").join(orderby_terms)

    @api.model
    def _read_group_empty_value(self, spec):
        """ Return the empty value corresponding to the given groupby spec or aggregate spec. """
        if spec == '__count':
            return 0
        fname, chain_fnames, func = parse_read_group_spec(spec)  # func is either None, granularity or an aggregate
        if func in ('count', 'count_distinct'):
            return 0
        if func in ('array_agg', 'array_agg_distinct'):
            return []
        field = self._fields[fname]
        if (not func or func == 'recordset') and (field.relational or fname == 'id'):
            if chain_fnames and field.type == 'many2one':
                groupby_seq = f"{chain_fnames}:{func}" if func else chain_fnames
                model = self.env[field.comodel_name]
                return model._read_group_empty_value(groupby_seq)
            return self.env[field.comodel_name] if field.relational else self.env[self._name]
        return False

    def _read_group_postprocess_groupby(self, groupby_spec, raw_values):
        """ Convert the given values of ``groupby_spec``
        from PostgreSQL to the format returned by method ``_read_group()``.

        The formatting rules can be summarized as:
        - groupby values of relational fields are converted to recordsets with a correct prefetch set;
        - NULL values are converted to empty values corresponding to the given aggregate.
        """
        empty_value = self._read_group_empty_value(groupby_spec)

        fname, chain_fnames, granularity = parse_read_group_spec(groupby_spec)
        field = self._fields[fname]

        if field.relational or fname == 'id':
            if chain_fnames and field.relational:
                groupby_seq = f"{chain_fnames}:{granularity}" if granularity else chain_fnames
                model = self.env[field.comodel_name]
                return model._read_group_postprocess_groupby(groupby_seq, raw_values)

            Model = self.pool[field.comodel_name] if field.relational else self.pool[self._name]
            prefetch_ids = tuple(raw_value for raw_value in raw_values if raw_value)

            def recordset(value):
                return Model(self.env, (value,), prefetch_ids) if value else empty_value

            return (recordset(value) for value in raw_values)

        return ((value if value is not None else empty_value) for value in raw_values)

    def _read_group_postprocess_aggregate(self, aggregate_spec, raw_values):
        """ Convert the given values of ``aggregate_spec``
        from PostgreSQL to the format returned by method ``_read_group()``.

        The formatting rules can be summarized as:
        - 'recordset' aggregates are turned into recordsets with a correct prefetch set;
        - NULL values are converted to empty values corresponding to the given aggregate.
        """
        empty_value = self._read_group_empty_value(aggregate_spec)

        if aggregate_spec == '__count':
            return ((value if value is not None else empty_value) for value in raw_values)

        fname, __, func = parse_read_group_spec(aggregate_spec)
        if func == 'recordset':
            field = self._fields[fname]
            Model = self.pool[field.comodel_name] if field.relational else self.pool[self._name]
            prefetch_ids = tuple(unique(
                id_
                for array_values in raw_values if array_values
                for id_ in array_values if id_
            ))

            def recordset(value):
                if not value:
                    return empty_value
                ids = tuple(unique(id_ for id_ in value if id_))
                return Model(self.env, ids, prefetch_ids)

            return (recordset(value) for value in raw_values)

        return ((value if value is not None else empty_value) for value in raw_values)

    @api.model
    def _read_group_expand_full(self, groups: ModelType, domain: DomainType) -> ModelType:
        """Extend the group to include all target records by default."""
        return groups.search([])

    @api.model
    def _read_group_fill_results(self, domain, groupby, annoted_aggregates, read_group_result, read_group_order=None):
        """Helper method for filling in empty groups for all possible values of
           the field being grouped by"""
        field_name = groupby.split('.')[0].split(':')[0]
        field = self._fields[field_name]
        if not field or not field.group_expand:
            return read_group_result

        # field.group_expand is a callable or the name of a method, that returns
        # the groups that we want to display for this field, in the form of a
        # recordset or a list of values (depending on the type of the field).
        # This is useful to implement kanban views for instance, where some
        # columns should be displayed even if they don't contain any record.
        group_expand = field.group_expand
        if isinstance(group_expand, str):
            group_expand = getattr(self.env.registry[self._name], group_expand)
        assert callable(group_expand)

        # determine all groups that should be returned
        values = [line[groupby] for line in read_group_result if line[groupby]]

        if field.relational:
            # groups is a recordset; determine order on groups's model
            groups = self.env[field.comodel_name].browse(value.id for value in values)
            values = group_expand(self, groups, domain).sudo()
            if read_group_order == groupby + ' desc':
                values.browse(reversed(values._ids))
            value2key = lambda value: value and value.id

        else:
            # groups is a list of values
            values = group_expand(self, values, domain)
            if read_group_order == groupby + ' desc':
                values.reverse()
            value2key = lambda value: value

        # Merge the current results (list of dicts) with all groups. Determine
        # the global order of results groups, which is supposed to be in the
        # same order as read_group_result (in the case of a many2one field).

        read_group_result_as_dict = {}
        for line in read_group_result:
            read_group_result_as_dict[value2key(line[groupby])] = line

        empty_item = {
            name: self._read_group_empty_value(spec)
            for name, spec in annoted_aggregates.items()
        }

        result = {}
        # fill result with the values order
        for value in values:
            key = value2key(value)
            if key in read_group_result_as_dict:
                result[key] = read_group_result_as_dict.pop(key)
            else:
                result[key] = dict(empty_item, **{groupby: value})

        for line in read_group_result_as_dict.values():
            key = value2key(line[groupby])
            result[key] = line

        # add folding information if present
        if field.relational and groups._fold_name in groups._fields:
            fold = {group.id: group[groups._fold_name]
                    for group in groups.browse(key for key in result if key)}
            for key, line in result.items():
                line['__fold'] = fold.get(key, False)

        return list(result.values())

    @api.model
    def _read_group_fill_temporal(self, data, groupby, annoted_aggregates,
                                  fill_from=False, fill_to=False, min_groups=False):
        """Helper method for filling date/datetime 'holes' in a result set.

        We are in a use case where data are grouped by a date field (typically
        months but it could be any other interval) and displayed in a chart.

        Assume we group records by month, and we only have data for June,
        September and December. By default, plotting the result gives something
        like::

                                                ___
                                      ___      |   |
                                     |   | ___ |   |
                                     |___||___||___|
                                      Jun  Sep  Dec

        The problem is that December data immediately follow September data,
        which is misleading for the user. Adding explicit zeroes for missing
        data gives something like::

                                                           ___
                             ___                          |   |
                            |   |           ___           |   |
                            |___| ___  ___ |___| ___  ___ |___|
                             Jun  Jul  Aug  Sep  Oct  Nov  Dec

        To customize this output, the context key "fill_temporal" can be used
        under its dictionary format, which has 3 attributes : fill_from,
        fill_to, min_groups (see params of this function)

        Fill between bounds:
        Using either `fill_from` and/or `fill_to` attributes, we can further
        specify that at least a certain date range should be returned as
        contiguous groups. Any group outside those bounds will not be removed,
        but the filling will only occur between the specified bounds. When not
        specified, existing groups will be used as bounds, if applicable.
        By specifying such bounds, we can get empty groups before/after any
        group with data.

        If we want to fill groups only between August (fill_from)
        and October (fill_to)::

                                                     ___
                                 ___                |   |
                                |   |      ___      |   |
                                |___| ___ |___| ___ |___|
                                 Jun  Aug  Sep  Oct  Dec

        We still get June and December. To filter them out, we should match
        `fill_from` and `fill_to` with the domain e.g. ``['&',
        ('date_field', '>=', 'YYYY-08-01'), ('date_field', '<', 'YYYY-11-01')]``::

                                         ___
                                    ___ |___| ___
                                    Aug  Sep  Oct

        Minimal filling amount:
        Using `min_groups`, we can specify that we want at least that amount of
        contiguous groups. This amount is guaranteed to be provided from
        `fill_from` if specified, or from the lowest existing group otherwise.
        This amount is not restricted by `fill_to`. If there is an existing
        group before `fill_from`, `fill_from` is still used as the starting
        group for min_groups, because the filling does not apply on that
        existing group. If neither `fill_from` nor `fill_to` is specified, and
        there is no existing group, no group will be returned.

        If we set min_groups = 4::

                                         ___
                                    ___ |___| ___ ___
                                    Aug  Sep  Oct Nov

        :param list data: the data containing groups
        :param list groupby: list of fields being grouped on
        :param list annoted_aggregates: dict of "<key_name>:<aggregate specification>"
        :param str fill_from: (inclusive) string representation of a
            date/datetime, start bound of the fill_temporal range
            formats: date -> %Y-%m-%d, datetime -> %Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S
        :param str fill_to: (inclusive) string representation of a
            date/datetime, end bound of the fill_temporal range
            formats: date -> %Y-%m-%d, datetime -> %Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S
        :param int min_groups: minimal amount of required groups for the
            fill_temporal range (should be >= 1)
        :rtype: list
        :return: list
        """
        # TODO: remove min_groups
        first_group = groupby[0]
        field_name = first_group.split(':')[0].split(".")[0]
        field = self._fields[field_name]
        if field.type not in ('date', 'datetime') and not (field.type == 'properties' and ':' in first_group):
            return data

        granularity = first_group.split(':')[1] if ':' in first_group else 'month'
        days_offset = 0
        if granularity == 'week':
            # _read_group_process_groupby week groups are dependent on the
            # locale, so filled groups should be too to avoid overlaps.
            first_week_day = int(get_lang(self.env).week_start) - 1
            days_offset = first_week_day and 7 - first_week_day
        interval = READ_GROUP_TIME_GRANULARITY[granularity]
        tz = False
        if field.type == 'datetime' and self.env.context.get('tz') in pytz.all_timezones_set:
            tz = pytz.timezone(self.env.context['tz'])

        # TODO: refactor remaing lines here

        # existing non null datetimes
        existing = [d[first_group] for d in data if d[first_group]] or [None]
        # assumption: existing data is sorted by field 'groupby_name'
        existing_from, existing_to = existing[0], existing[-1]
        if fill_from:
            fill_from = Datetime.to_datetime(fill_from) if isinstance(fill_from, datetime.datetime) else Date.to_date(fill_from)
            fill_from = date_utils.start_of(fill_from, granularity) - datetime.timedelta(days=days_offset)
            if tz:
                fill_from = tz.localize(fill_from)
        elif existing_from:
            fill_from = existing_from
        if fill_to:
            fill_to = Datetime.to_datetime(fill_to) if isinstance(fill_to, datetime.datetime) else Date.to_date(fill_to)
            fill_to = date_utils.start_of(fill_to, granularity) - datetime.timedelta(days=days_offset)
            if tz:
                fill_to = tz.localize(fill_to)
        elif existing_to:
            fill_to = existing_to

        if not fill_to and fill_from:
            fill_to = fill_from
        if not fill_from and fill_to:
            fill_from = fill_to
        if not fill_from and not fill_to:
            return data

        if min_groups > 0:
            fill_to = max(fill_to, fill_from + (min_groups - 1) * interval)

        if fill_to < fill_from:
            return data

        required_dates = date_utils.date_range(fill_from, fill_to, interval)

        if existing[0] is None:
            existing = list(required_dates)
        else:
            existing = sorted(set().union(existing, required_dates))

        empty_item = {
            name: self._read_group_empty_value(spec)
            for name, spec in annoted_aggregates.items()
        }
        for group in groupby[1:]:
            empty_item[group] = self._read_group_empty_value(group)

        grouped_data = collections.defaultdict(list)
        for d in data:
            grouped_data[d[first_group]].append(d)

        result = []
        for dt in existing:
            result.extend(grouped_data[dt] or [dict(empty_item, **{first_group: dt})])

        if False in grouped_data:
            result.extend(grouped_data[False])

        return result

    @api.model
    def _read_group_format_result(self, rows_dict, lazy_groupby):
        """
        Helper method to format the data contained in the dictionary data by
        adding the domain corresponding to its values, the groupbys in the
        context and by properly formatting the date/datetime values.
        """
        for group in lazy_groupby:
            field_name = group.split(':')[0].split('.')[0]
            field = self._fields[field_name]

            if field.type in ('date', 'datetime'):
                granularity = group.split(':')[1] if ':' in group else 'month'
                if granularity in READ_GROUP_TIME_GRANULARITY:
                    locale = get_lang(self.env).code
                    fmt = DEFAULT_SERVER_DATETIME_FORMAT if field.type == 'datetime' else DEFAULT_SERVER_DATE_FORMAT
                    interval = READ_GROUP_TIME_GRANULARITY[granularity]
            elif field.type == "properties":
                self._read_group_format_result_properties(rows_dict, group)
                continue

            for row in rows_dict:
                value = row[group]

                if isinstance(value, BaseModel):
                    row[group] = (value.id, value.sudo().display_name) if value else False
                    value = value.id

                if not value and field.type == 'many2many':
                    additional_domain = [(field_name, 'not any', [])]
                else:
                    additional_domain = [(field_name, '=', value)]

                if field.type in ('date', 'datetime'):
                    if value and isinstance(value, (datetime.date, datetime.datetime)):
                        range_start = value
                        range_end = value + interval
                        if field.type == 'datetime':
                            tzinfo = None
                            if self.env.context.get('tz') in pytz.all_timezones_set:
                                tzinfo = pytz.timezone(self.env.context['tz'])
                                range_start = tzinfo.localize(range_start).astimezone(pytz.utc)
                                # take into account possible hour change between start and end
                                range_end = tzinfo.localize(range_end).astimezone(pytz.utc)

                            label = babel.dates.format_datetime(
                                range_start, format=READ_GROUP_DISPLAY_FORMAT[granularity],
                                tzinfo=tzinfo, locale=locale
                            )
                        else:
                            label = babel.dates.format_date(
                                value, format=READ_GROUP_DISPLAY_FORMAT[granularity],
                                locale=locale
                            )
                        # special case weeks because babel is broken *and*
                        # ubuntu reverted a change so it's also inconsistent
                        if granularity == 'week':
                            year, week = date_utils.weeknumber(
                                babel.Locale.parse(locale),
                                value,  # provide date or datetime without UTC conversion
                            )
                            label = f"W{week} {year:04}"

                        range_start = range_start.strftime(fmt)
                        range_end = range_end.strftime(fmt)
                        row[group] = label  # TODO should put raw data
                        row.setdefault('__range', {})[group] = {'from': range_start, 'to': range_end}
                        additional_domain = [
                            '&',
                                (field_name, '>=', range_start),
                                (field_name, '<', range_end),
                        ]
                    elif value is not None and granularity in READ_GROUP_NUMBER_GRANULARITY:
                        additional_domain = [(f"{field_name}.{granularity}", '=', value)]
                    elif not value:
                        # Set the __range of the group containing records with an unset
                        # date/datetime field value to False.
                        row.setdefault('__range', {})[group] = False

                row['__domain'] &= Domain(additional_domain)
        for row in rows_dict:
            row['__domain'] = list(row['__domain'])

    def _read_group_format_result_properties(self, rows_dict, group):
        """Modify the final read group properties result.

        Replace the relational properties ids by a tuple with their display names,
        replace the "raw" tags and selection values by a list containing their labels.
        Adapt the domains for the Falsy group (we can't just keep (selection, =, False)
        e.g. because some values in database might correspond to  option that have
        been remove on the parent).
        """
        if '.' not in group:
            raise ValueError('You must choose the property you want to group by.')
        fullname, __, func = group.partition(':')

        definition = self.get_property_definition(fullname)
        property_type = definition.get('type')

        if property_type == 'selection':
            options = definition.get('selection') or []
            options = tuple(option[0] for option in options)
            for row in rows_dict:
                if not row[fullname]:
                    # can not do ('selection', '=', False) because we might have
                    # option in database that does not exist anymore
                    additional_domain = Domain(fullname, '=', False) | Domain(fullname, 'not in', options)
                else:
                    additional_domain = Domain(fullname, '=', row[fullname])

                row['__domain'] &= additional_domain

        elif property_type == 'many2one':
            comodel = definition.get('comodel')
            prefetch_ids = tuple(row[fullname] for row in rows_dict if row[fullname])
            all_groups = tuple(row[fullname] for row in rows_dict if row[fullname])
            for row in rows_dict:
                if not row[fullname]:
                    # can not only do ('many2one', '=', False) because we might have
                    # record in database that does not exist anymore
                    additional_domain = Domain(fullname, '=', False) | Domain(fullname, 'not in', all_groups)
                else:
                    additional_domain = Domain(fullname, '=', row[fullname])
                    record = self.env[comodel].browse(row[fullname]).with_prefetch(prefetch_ids)
                    row[fullname] = (row[fullname], record.display_name)

                row['__domain'] &= additional_domain

        elif property_type == 'many2many':
            comodel = definition.get('comodel')
            prefetch_ids = tuple(row[fullname] for row in rows_dict if row[fullname])
            all_groups = tuple(row[fullname] for row in rows_dict if row[fullname])
            for row in rows_dict:
                if not row[fullname]:
                    if all_groups:
                        additional_domain = Domain(fullname, '=', False) | Domain.AND([(fullname, 'not in', group)] for group in all_groups)
                    else:
                        additional_domain = Domain.TRUE
                else:
                    additional_domain = Domain(fullname, 'in', row[fullname])
                    record = self.env[comodel].browse(row[fullname]).with_prefetch(prefetch_ids)
                    row[fullname] = (row[fullname], record.display_name)

                row['__domain'] &= additional_domain

        elif property_type == 'tags':
            tags = definition.get('tags') or []
            tags = {tag[0]: tag for tag in tags}
            for row in rows_dict:
                if not row[fullname]:
                    if tags:
                        additional_domain = Domain(fullname, '=', False) | Domain.AND([(fullname, 'not in', tag)] for tag in tags)
                    else:
                        additional_domain = Domain.TRUE
                else:
                    additional_domain = Domain(fullname, 'in', row[fullname])
                    # replace tag raw value with list of raw value, label and color
                    row[fullname] = tags.get(row[fullname])

                row['__domain'] &= additional_domain

        elif property_type in ('date', 'datetime'):
            for row in rows_dict:
                if not row[group]:
                    row[group] = False
                    row['__domain'] &= Domain(fullname, '=', False)
                    row['__range'] = {}
                    continue

                # Date / Datetime are not JSONifiable, so they are stored as raw text
                db_format = '%Y-%m-%d' if property_type == 'date' else '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'

                if func == 'week':
                    # the value is the first day of the week (based on local)
                    start = row[group].strftime(db_format)
                    end = (row[group] + datetime.timedelta(days=7)).strftime(db_format)
                else:
                    start = (date_utils.start_of(row[group], func)).strftime(db_format)
                    end = (date_utils.end_of(row[group], func) + datetime.timedelta(minutes=1)).strftime(db_format)

                row['__domain'] &= Domain(fullname, '>=', start) & Domain(fullname, '<', end)
                row['__range'] = {group: {'from': start, 'to': end}}
                row[group] = babel.dates.format_date(
                    row[group],
                    format=READ_GROUP_DISPLAY_FORMAT[func],
                    locale=get_lang(self.env).code
                )
        else:
            for row in rows_dict:
                row['__domain'] &= Domain(fullname, '=', row[fullname])

    @api.model
    @api.readonly
    @api.deprecated("Since 19.0, read_group is deprecated. Please use _read_group in the backend code or formatted_read_group for a complete formatted result")
    def read_group(self, domain, fields, groupby, offset=0, limit=None, orderby=False, lazy=True):
        """Deprecated - Get the list of records in list view grouped by the given ``groupby`` fields.

        :param list domain: :ref:`A search domain <reference/orm/domains>`. Use an empty
                     list to match all records.
        :param list fields: list of fields present in the list view specified on the object.
                Each element is either 'field' (field name, using the default aggregation),
                or 'field:agg' (aggregate field with aggregation function 'agg'),
                or 'name:agg(field)' (aggregate field with 'agg' and return it as 'name').
                The possible aggregation functions are the ones provided by
                `PostgreSQL <https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/functions-aggregate.html>`_
                and 'count_distinct', with the expected meaning.
        :param list groupby: list of groupby descriptions by which the records will be grouped.
                A groupby description is either a field (then it will be grouped by that field).
                For the dates an datetime fields, you can specify a granularity using the syntax 'field:granularity'.
                The supported granularities are 'hour', 'day', 'week', 'month', 'quarter' or 'year';
                Read_group also supports integer date parts:
                'year_number', 'quarter_number', 'month_number' 'iso_week_number', 'day_of_year', 'day_of_month',
                'day_of_week', 'hour_number', 'minute_number' and 'second_number'.
        :param int offset: optional number of groups to skip
        :param int limit: optional max number of groups to return
        :param str orderby: optional ``order by`` specification, for
                             overriding the natural sort ordering of the
                             groups, see also :meth:`~.search`
                             (supported only for many2one fields currently)
        :param bool lazy: if true, the results are only grouped by the first groupby and the
                remaining groupbys are put in the __context key.  If false, all the groupbys are
                done in one call.
        :return: list of dictionaries(one dictionary for each record) containing:

                    * the values of fields grouped by the fields in ``groupby`` argument
                    * __domain: list of tuples specifying the search criteria
                    * __context: dictionary with argument like ``groupby``
                    * __range: (date/datetime only) dictionary with field_name:granularity as keys
                        mapping to a dictionary with keys: "from" (inclusive) and "to" (exclusive)
                        mapping to a string representation of the temporal bounds of the group
        :rtype: [{'field_name_1': value, ...}, ...]
        :raise AccessError: if user is not allowed to access requested information
        """
        groupby = [groupby] if isinstance(groupby, str) else groupby
        lazy_groupby = groupby[:1] if lazy else groupby

        # Compatibility layer with _read_group, it should be remove in the second part of the refactoring
        # - Modify `groupby` default value 'month' into specific groupby specification
        # - Modify `fields` into aggregates specification of _read_group
        # - Modify the order to be compatible with the _read_group specification
        groupby = [groupby] if isinstance(groupby, str) else groupby
        lazy_groupby = groupby[:1] if lazy else groupby

        annotated_groupby = {}  # Key as the name in the result, value as the explicit groupby specification
        for group_spec in lazy_groupby:
            field_name, property_name, granularity = parse_read_group_spec(group_spec)
            if field_name not in self._fields:
                raise ValueError(f"Invalid field {field_name!r} on model {self._name!r}")
            field = self._fields[field_name]
            if property_name and field.type != 'properties':
                raise ValueError(f"Property name {property_name!r} has to be used on a property field.")
            if field.type in ('date', 'datetime'):
                annotated_groupby[group_spec] = f"{field_name}:{granularity or 'month'}"
            else:
                annotated_groupby[group_spec] = group_spec

        annotated_aggregates = {  # Key as the name in the result, value as the explicit aggregate specification
            f"{lazy_groupby[0].split(':')[0]}_count" if lazy and len(lazy_groupby) == 1 else '__count': '__count',
        }
        for field_spec in fields:
            if field_spec == '__count':
                continue
            match = regex_field_agg.match(field_spec)
            if not match:
                raise ValueError(f"Invalid field specification {field_spec!r}.")
            name, func, fname = match.groups()

            if fname:  # Manage this kind of specification : "field_min:min(field)"
                annotated_aggregates[name] = f"{fname}:{func}"
                continue
            if func:  # Manage this kind of specification : "field:min"
                annotated_aggregates[name] = f"{name}:{func}"
                continue

            if name not in self._fields:
                raise ValueError(f"Invalid field {name!r} on model {self._name!r}")
            field = self._fields[name]
            if field.base_field.store and field.base_field.column_type and field.aggregator and field_spec not in annotated_groupby:
                annotated_aggregates[name] = f"{name}:{field.aggregator}"

        if orderby:
            new_terms = []
            for order_term in orderby.split(','):
                order_term = order_term.strip()
                for key_name, annotated in itertools.chain(reversed(annotated_groupby.items()), annotated_aggregates.items()):
                    key_name = key_name.split(':')[0]
                    if order_term.startswith(f'{key_name} ') or key_name == order_term:
                        order_term = order_term.replace(key_name, annotated)
                        break
                new_terms.append(order_term)
            orderby = ','.join(new_terms)
        else:
            orderby = ','.join(annotated_groupby.values())

        domain = Domain(domain)
        rows = self._read_group(domain, annotated_groupby.values(), annotated_aggregates.values(), offset=offset, limit=limit, order=orderby)
        rows_dict = [
            dict(zip(itertools.chain(annotated_groupby, annotated_aggregates), row))
            for row in rows
        ]

        fill_temporal = self.env.context.get('fill_temporal')
        if lazy_groupby and (rows_dict and fill_temporal) or isinstance(fill_temporal, dict):
            # fill_temporal = {} is equivalent to fill_temporal = True
            # if fill_temporal is a dictionary and there is no data, there is a chance that we
            # want to display empty columns anyway, so we should apply the fill_temporal logic
            if not isinstance(fill_temporal, dict):
                fill_temporal = {}
            # TODO Shouldn't be possible with a limit
            rows_dict = self._read_group_fill_temporal(
                rows_dict, lazy_groupby,
                annotated_aggregates, **fill_temporal,
            )

        if lazy_groupby and lazy:
            # Right now, read_group only fill results in lazy mode (by default).
            # If you need to have the empty groups in 'eager' mode, then the
            # method _read_group_fill_results need to be completely reimplemented
            # in a sane way
            # TODO Shouldn't be possible with a limit or the limit should be in account
            rows_dict = self._read_group_fill_results(
                domain, lazy_groupby[0],
                annotated_aggregates, rows_dict, read_group_order=orderby,
            )

        for row in rows_dict:
            row['__domain'] = domain
            if len(lazy_groupby) < len(groupby):
                row['__context'] = {'group_by': groupby[len(lazy_groupby):]}

        self._read_group_format_result(rows_dict, lazy_groupby)

        return rows_dict

    def _traverse_related_sql(self, alias: str, field: Field, query: Query) -> tuple[BaseModel, Field, str]:
        """ Traverse the related `field` and add needed join to the `query`.

        :returns: tuple ``(model, field, alias)``, where ``field`` is the last
            field in the sequence, ``model`` is that field's model, and
            ``alias`` is the model's table alias
        """
        assert field.related and not field.store
        if not (self.env.su or field.compute_sudo or field.inherited):
            raise ValueError(f'Cannot convert {field} to SQL because it is not a sudoed related or inherited field')

        model = self.sudo(self.env.su or field.compute_sudo)
        *path_fnames, last_fname = field.related.split('.')
        for path_fname in path_fnames:
            path_field = model._fields[path_fname]
            if path_field.type != 'many2one':
                raise ValueError(f'Cannot convert {field} (related={field.related}) to SQL because {path_fname} is not a Many2one')
            model, alias = path_field.join(model, alias, query)

        return model, model._fields[last_fname], alias

    def _field_to_sql(self, alias: str, field_expr: str, query: (Query | None) = None) -> SQL:
        """ Return an :class:`SQL` object that represents the value of the given
        field from the given table alias, in the context of the given query.
        The method also checks that the field is accessible for reading.

        The query object is necessary for inherited fields, many2one fields and
        properties fields, where joins are added to the query.
        """
        fname, property_name = parse_field_expr(field_expr)
        field = self._fields.get(fname)
        if not field:
            raise ValueError(f"Invalid field {fname!r} on model {self._name!r}")

        if field.related and not field.store:
            model, field, alias = self._traverse_related_sql(alias, field, query)
            related_expr = field.name if not property_name else f"{field.name}.{property_name}"
            return model._field_to_sql(alias, related_expr, query)

        self._check_field_access(field, 'read')

        sql = field.to_sql(self, alias)
        if property_name:
            sql = field.property_to_sql(sql, property_name, self, alias, query)
        return sql

    def _read_group_groupby_properties(self, alias: str, field: Field, property_name: str, query: Query) -> SQL:
        fname = field.name
        definition = self.get_property_definition(f"{fname}.{property_name}")
        property_type = definition.get('type')
        sql_property = self._field_to_sql(alias, f'{fname}.{property_name}', query)

        # JOIN on the JSON array
        if property_type in ('tags', 'many2many'):
            property_alias = query.make_alias(alias, f'{fname}_{property_name}')
            sql_property = SQL(
                """ CASE
                        WHEN jsonb_typeof(%(property)s) = 'array'
                        THEN %(property)s
                        ELSE '[]'::jsonb
                     END """,
                property=sql_property,
            )
            if property_type == 'tags':
                # ignore invalid tags
                tags = [tag[0] for tag in definition.get('tags') or []]
                # `->>0 : convert "JSON string" into string
                condition = SQL(
                    "%s->>0 = ANY(%s::text[])",
                    SQL.identifier(property_alias), tags,
                )
            else:
                comodel = self.env.get(definition.get('comodel'))
                if comodel is None or comodel._transient or comodel._abstract:
                    raise UserError(_(
                        "You cannot use “%(property_name)s” because the linked “%(model_name)s” model doesn't exist or is invalid",
                        property_name=definition.get('string', property_name), model_name=definition.get('comodel'),
                    ))

                # check the existences of the many2many
                condition = SQL(
                    "%s::int IN (SELECT id FROM %s)",
                    SQL.identifier(property_alias), SQL.identifier(comodel._table),
                )

            query.add_join(
                "LEFT JOIN",
                property_alias,
                SQL("jsonb_array_elements(%s)", sql_property),
                condition,
            )

            return SQL.identifier(property_alias)

        elif property_type == 'selection':
            options = [option[0] for option in definition.get('selection') or ()]

            # check the existence of the option
            property_alias = query.make_alias(alias, f'{fname}_{property_name}')
            query.add_join(
                "LEFT JOIN",
                property_alias,
                SQL("(SELECT unnest(%s::text[]) %s)", options, SQL.identifier(property_alias)),
                SQL("%s->>0 = %s", sql_property, SQL.identifier(property_alias)),
            )

            return SQL.identifier(property_alias)

        elif property_type == 'many2one':
            comodel = self.env.get(definition.get('comodel'))
            if comodel is None or comodel._transient or comodel._abstract:
                raise UserError(_(
                    "You cannot use “%(property_name)s” because the linked “%(model_name)s” model doesn't exist or is invalid",
                    property_name=definition.get('string', property_name), model_name=definition.get('comodel'),
                ))

            return SQL(
                """ CASE
                        WHEN jsonb_typeof(%(property)s) = 'number'
                         AND (%(property)s)::int IN (SELECT id FROM %(table)s)
                        THEN %(property)s
                        ELSE NULL
                     END """,
                property=sql_property,
                table=SQL.identifier(comodel._table),
            )

        elif property_type == 'date':
            return SQL(
                """ CASE
                        WHEN jsonb_typeof(%(property)s) = 'string'
                        THEN (%(property)s->>0)::DATE
                        ELSE NULL
                     END """,
                property=sql_property,
            )

        elif property_type == 'datetime':
            return SQL(
                """ CASE
                        WHEN jsonb_typeof(%(property)s) = 'string'
                        THEN to_timestamp(%(property)s->>0, 'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS')
                        ELSE NULL
                     END """,
                property=sql_property,
            )

        elif property_type == 'html':
            raise UserError(_('Grouping by HTML properties is not supported.'))

        # if the key is not present in the dict, fallback to false instead of none
        return SQL("COALESCE(%s, 'false')", sql_property)

    @api.model
    def get_property_definition(self, full_name: str) -> dict:
        """Return the definition of the given property.

        :param full_name: Name of the field / property
            (e.g. "property.integer")
        """
        self.browse().check_access("read")
        field_name, property_name = parse_field_expr(full_name)
        field = self._fields.get(field_name)
        if not field:
            raise ValueError(f"Invalid field {field_name!r} on model {self._name!r}")
        from .fields_properties import check_property_field_value_name  # noqa: PLC0415
        check_property_field_value_name(property_name)

        target_model = self.env[self._fields[field.definition_record].comodel_name]
        field_definition = target_model._fields[field.definition_record_field]
        result = self.env.execute_query_dict(SQL(
            """ SELECT definition
                  FROM %(table)s, jsonb_array_elements(%(field)s) definition
                 WHERE %(field)s IS NOT NULL AND definition->>'name' = %(name)s
                 LIMIT 1 """,
            table=SQL.identifier(target_model._table),
            field=SQL.identifier(field.definition_record_field, to_flush=field_definition),
            name=property_name,
        ))
        return result[0]["definition"] if result else {}

    def _parent_store_compute(self) -> None:
        """ Compute parent_path field from scratch. """
        if not self._parent_store:
            return

        # Each record is associated to a string 'parent_path', that represents
        # the path from the record's root node to the record. The path is made
        # of the node ids suffixed with a slash (see example below). The nodes
        # in the subtree of record are the ones where 'parent_path' starts with
        # the 'parent_path' of record.
        #
        #               a                 node | id | parent_path
        #              / \                  a  | 42 | 42/
        #            ...  b                 b  | 63 | 42/63/
        #                / \                c  | 84 | 42/63/84/
        #               c   d               d  | 85 | 42/63/85/
        #
        # Note: the final '/' is necessary to match subtrees correctly: '42/63'
        # is a prefix of '42/630', but '42/63/' is not a prefix of '42/630/'.
        _logger.info('Computing parent_path for table %s...', self._table)
        query = SQL(
            """ WITH RECURSIVE __parent_store_compute(id, parent_path) AS (
                    SELECT row.id, concat(row.id, '/')
                    FROM %(table)s row
                    WHERE row.%(parent)s IS NULL
                UNION
                    SELECT row.id, concat(comp.parent_path, row.id, '/')
                    FROM %(table)s row, __parent_store_compute comp
                    WHERE row.%(parent)s = comp.id
                )
                UPDATE %(table)s row SET parent_path = comp.parent_path
                FROM __parent_store_compute comp
                WHERE row.id = comp.id """,
            table=SQL.identifier(self._table),
            parent=SQL.identifier(self._parent_name),
        )
        self.env.cr.execute(query)
        self.invalidate_model(['parent_path'])

    def _check_removed_columns(self, log=False):
        if self._abstract:
            return
        # iterate on the database columns to drop the NOT NULL constraints of
        # fields which were required but have been removed (or will be added by
        # another module)
        cr = self.env.cr
        cols = [name for name, field in self._fields.items()
                     if field.store and field.column_type]
        cr.execute(SQL(
            """ SELECT a.attname, a.attnotnull
                  FROM pg_class c, pg_attribute a
                 WHERE c.relname=%s
                   AND c.relnamespace = current_schema::regnamespace
                   AND c.oid=a.attrelid
                   AND a.attisdropped=%s
                   AND pg_catalog.format_type(a.atttypid, a.atttypmod) NOT IN ('cid', 'tid', 'oid', 'xid')
                   AND a.attname NOT IN %s """,
            self._table, False, tuple(cols),
        ))

        for row in cr.dictfetchall():
            if log:
                _logger.debug("column %s is in the table %s but not in the corresponding object %s",
                              row['attname'], self._table, self._name)
            if row['attnotnull']:
                sql.drop_not_null(cr, self._table, row['attname'])

    def _init_column(self, column_name):
        """ Initialize the value of the given column for existing rows. """
        # get the default value; ideally, we should use default_get(), but it
        # fails due to ir.default not being ready
        field = self._fields[column_name]
        if field.default:
            value = field.default(self)
            value = field.convert_to_write(value, self)
            value = field.convert_to_column_insert(value, self)
        else:
            value = None
        # Write value if non-NULL, except for booleans for which False means
        # the same as NULL - this saves us an expensive query on large tables,
        # if the boolean is required we still write False to allow NOT NULL constraints.
        necessary = (value is not None) if field.type != 'boolean' or field.required else value
        if necessary:
            _logger.debug("Table '%s': setting default value of new column %s to %r",
                          self._table, column_name, value)
            self.env.cr.execute(SQL(
                "UPDATE %(table)s SET %(field)s = %(value)s WHERE %(field)s IS NULL",
                table=SQL.identifier(self._table),
                field=SQL.identifier(column_name),
                value=value,
            ))

    @ormcache()
    def _table_has_rows(self) -> bool:
        """ Return whether the model's table has rows. This method should only
            be used when updating the database schema (:meth:`~._auto_init`).
        """
        self.env.cr.execute(SQL('SELECT 1 FROM %s LIMIT 1', SQL.identifier(self._table)))
        return bool(self.env.cr.rowcount)

    def _auto_init(self) -> None:
        """ Initialize the database schema of ``self``:
            - create the corresponding table,
            - create/update the necessary columns/tables for fields,
            - initialize new columns on existing rows,
            - add the SQL constraints given on the model,
            - add the indexes on indexed fields,

            Also prepare post-init stuff to:
            - add foreign key constraints,
            - reflect models, fields, relations and constraints,
            - mark fields to recompute on existing records.

            Note: you should not override this method. Instead, you can modify
            the model's database schema by overriding method :meth:`~.init`,
            which is called right after this one.
        """
        raise_on_invalid_object_name(self._name)

        # This prevents anything called by this method (in particular default
        # values) from prefetching a field for which the corresponding column
        # has not been added in database yet!
        self = self.with_context(prefetch_fields=False)

        cr = self.env.cr
        update_custom_fields = self.env.context.get('update_custom_fields', False)
        must_create_table = not sql.table_exists(cr, self._table)
        parent_path_compute = False

        if self._auto:
            if must_create_table:
                def make_type(field):
                    return field.column_type[1] + (" NOT NULL" if field.required else "")

                sql.create_model_table(cr, self._table, self._description, [
                    (field.name, make_type(field), field.string)
                    for field in sorted(self._fields.values(), key=lambda f: f.column_order)
                    if field.name != 'id' and field.store and field.column_type
                ])

            if self._parent_store:
                if not sql.column_exists(cr, self._table, 'parent_path'):
                    sql.create_column(self.env.cr, self._table, 'parent_path', 'VARCHAR')
                    parent_path_compute = True
                self._check_parent_path()

            if not must_create_table:
                self._check_removed_columns(log=False)

            # update the database schema for fields
            columns = sql.table_columns(cr, self._table)
            fields_to_compute = []

            for field in sorted(self._fields.values(), key=lambda f: f.column_order):
                if not field.store:
                    continue
                if field.manual and not update_custom_fields:
                    continue            # don't update custom fields
                new = field.update_db(self, columns)
                if new and field.compute:
                    fields_to_compute.append(field)

            if fields_to_compute:
                # mark existing records for computation now, so that computed
                # required fields are flushed before the NOT NULL constraint is
                # added to the database
                cr.execute(SQL('SELECT id FROM %s', SQL.identifier(self._table)))
                records = self.browse(row[0] for row in cr.fetchall())
                if records:
                    for field in fields_to_compute:
                        _logger.info("Prepare computation of %s", field)
                        self.env.add_to_compute(field, records)

        if self._auto:
            self._add_sql_constraints()

        if parent_path_compute:
            self._parent_store_compute()

    @api.private
    def init(self) -> None:
        """ This method is called after :meth:`~._auto_init`, and may be
            overridden to create or modify a model's database schema.
        """

    def _check_parent_path(self):
        field = self._fields.get('parent_path')
        if field is None:
            _logger.error("add a field parent_path on model %r: `parent_path = fields.Char(index=True)`.", self._name)
        elif not field.index:
            _logger.error('parent_path field on model %r should be indexed! Add index=True to the field definition.', self._name)

    def _add_sql_constraints(self):
        """ Modify this model's database table objects so they match the one
        in _table_objects.
        """
        for obj in self._table_objects.values():
            obj.apply_to_database(self)

    @api.model
    def _sql_error_to_message(self, exc: psycopg2.Error) -> str:
        """ Convert a database exception to a user error message depending on the model.

        Note that the cursor on self has to be in a valid state.
        """
        if (constraint_name := exc.diag.constraint_name) and (cons := self._table_objects.get(constraint_name)):
            cons_rec = self.env['ir.model.constraint'].sudo().search_fetch([
                ('name', '=', constraint_name),
                ('model.model', '=', self._name),
            ], ['message'], limit=1)
            if message := cons_rec.message:
                return message
            # get the message from the object
            if message := cons.get_error_message(self, exc.diag):
                return message
        return self._sql_error_to_message_generic(exc)

    @api.model
    def _sql_error_to_message_generic(self, exc: psycopg2.Error) -> str:
        """ Convert a database exception to a generic user error message. """
        diag = exc.diag
        unknown = self.env._('Unknown')
        model_string = self.env['ir.model']._get(self._name).name or self._description
        info = {
            'model_display': f"'{model_string}' ({self._name})",
            'table_name': diag.table_name,
            'constraint_name': diag.constraint_name,
        }
        if self._table == diag.table_name:
            columns = get_columns_from_sql_diagnostics(self.env.cr, diag, check_registry=True)
        else:
            columns = get_columns_from_sql_diagnostics(self.env.cr, diag)
            info['model_display'] = unknown
        if not columns:
            info['field_display'] = unknown
        elif len(columns) == 1 and (field := self._fields.get(columns[0])):
            field_string = field._description_string(self.env)
            info['field_display'] = f"'{field_string}' ({field.name})"
        else:
            info['field_display'] = f"'{format_list(self.env, columns)}'"

        if isinstance(exc, psycopg2.errors.NotNullViolation):
            return self.env._(
                "Missing required value for the field %(field_display)s.\n"
                "Model: %(model_display)s\n"
                "- create/update: a mandatory field is not set\n"
                "- delete: another model requires the record being deleted, you can archive it instead\n",
                **info,
            )

        if isinstance(exc, psycopg2.errors.ForeignKeyViolation):
            if len(columns) != 1:
                info['field_display'] = info['constraint_name']
            return self.env._(
                "Another model is using the record you are trying to delete.\n\n"
                "The troublemaker is: %(model_display)s\n"
                "Thanks to the following constraint: %(field_display)s\n"
                "How about archiving the record instead?",
                **info,
            )

        if isinstance(exc, psycopg2.errors.UniqueViolation) and columns:
            column_names = [self._fields[f].string if f in self._fields else f for f in columns]
            info['field_display'] = f"'{', '.join(columns)}' ({format_list(self.env, column_names)})"
            info['detail'] = diag.message_detail  # contains conflicting key and value
            return self.env._("The value for %(field_display)s already exists.\n\nDetail: %(detail)s\n", **info)

        # No good message can be created for psycopg2.errors.CheckViolation

        # fallback
        return exception_to_unicode(exc)

    @api.model
    def fields_get(self, allfields: Collection[str] | None = None, attributes: Collection[str] | None = None) -> dict[str, ValuesType]:
        """ Return the definition of each field.

        The returned value is a dictionary (indexed by field name) of
        dictionaries. The _inherits'd fields are included. The string, help,
        and selection (if present) attributes are translated.

        :param allfields: fields to document, all if empty or not provided
        :param attributes: attributes to return for each field, all if empty or not provided
        :return: dictionary mapping field names to a dictionary mapping attributes to values.
        """
        res = {}
        for fname, field in self._fields.items():
            if allfields and fname not in allfields:
                continue
            if not self._has_field_access(field, 'read'):
                continue

            description = field.get_description(self.env, attributes=attributes)
            if 'readonly' in description:
                description['readonly'] = description['readonly'] or not self._has_field_access(field, 'write')
            res[fname] = description

        return res

    @api.model
    def _has_field_access(self, field: Field, operation: typing.Literal['read', 'write']) -> bool:
        """ Determine whether the user access rights on the given field for the given operation.
        You may override this method to customize the access to fields.

        :param field: the field to check
        :param operation: one of ``read``, ``write``
        :return: whether the field is accessible
        """
        if not field.groups or self.env.su:
            return True
        if field.groups == NO_ACCESS:
            return False
        return self.env.user.has_groups(field.groups)

    @api.model
    def _check_field_access(self, field: Field, operation: typing.Literal['read', 'write']) -> None:
        """Check the user access rights on the given field.

        :param field: the field to check
        :param operation: one of ``read``, ``write``
        :raise AccessError: if the user is not allowed to access the provided field
        """
        if self._has_field_access(field, operation):
            return

        _logger.info('Access Denied by ACLs for operation: %s, uid: %s, model: %s, field: %s',
            operation, self.env.uid, self._name, field.name)

        description = self.env['ir.model']._get(self._name).name

        error_msg = _(
            "You do not have enough rights to access the field \"%(field)s\""
            " on %(document_kind)s (%(document_model)s). "
            "Please contact your system administrator."
            "\n\nOperation: %(operation)s",
            field=field.name,
            document_kind=description,
            document_model=self._name,
            operation=operation,
        )

        if self.env.user._has_group('base.group_no_one'):
            if field.groups == NO_ACCESS:
                allowed_groups_msg = _("always forbidden")
            elif not field.groups:
                allowed_groups_msg = _("custom field access rules")
            else:
                groups_list = [self.env.ref(g) for g in field.groups.split(',')]
                groups = self.env['res.groups'].union(*groups_list).sorted('id')
                allowed_groups_msg = _(
                    "allowed for groups %s",
                    ', '.join(repr(g.display_name) for g in groups),
                )
            error_msg += _(
                "\nUser: %(user)s"
                "\nGroups: %(allowed_groups_msg)s",
                user=self.env.uid,
                allowed_groups_msg=allowed_groups_msg,
            )

        raise AccessError(error_msg)

    @api.model
    @api.deprecated(
        "Deprecated since 19.0, use `_check_field_access` on models."
        " To get the list of allowed fields, use `fields_get`.",
    )
    def check_field_access_rights(self, operation: str, field_names: list[str] | None) -> list[str]:
        """Check the user access rights on the given fields.

        If `field_names` is not provided, we list accessible fields to the user.
        Otherwise, an error is raised if we try to access a forbidden field.
        Note that this function ignores unknown (virtual) fields.

        :param operation: one of ``create``, ``read``, ``write``, ``unlink``
        :param field_names: names of the fields
        :return: provided fields if fields is truthy (or the fields
          readable by the current user).
        :raise AccessError: if the user is not allowed to access
          the provided fields.
        """
        if self.env.su:
            return field_names or list(self._fields)

        if not field_names:
            return [
                field_name
                for field_name, field in self._fields.items()
                if self._has_field_access(field, operation)
            ]

        for field_name in field_names:
            # Unknown (or virtual) fields are considered accessible because they will not be read and nothing will be written to them.
            field = self._fields.get(field_name)
            if field is None:
                continue
            self._check_field_access(field, operation)
        return field_names

    @api.readonly
    def read(self, fields: Sequence[str] | None = None, load: str = '_classic_read') -> list[ValuesType]:
        """Read the requested fields for the records in ``self``, and return their
        values as a list of dicts.

        :param fields: field names to return (default is all fields)
        :param load: loading mode, currently the only option is to set to
            ``None`` to avoid loading the `display_name` of m2o fields
        :return: a list of dictionaries mapping field names to their values,
                 with one dictionary per record
        :raise AccessError: if user is not allowed to access requested information
        :raise ValueError: if a requested field does not exist

        This is a high-level method that is not supposed to be overridden. In
        order to modify how fields are read from database, see methods
        :meth:`_fetch_query` and :meth:`_read_format`.
        """
        if not fields:
            fields = list(self.fields_get(attributes=()))
        elif not self and not self.env.su:  # check field access, otherwise done during fetch()
            self._determine_fields_to_fetch(fields)
        self._origin.fetch(fields)
        return self._read_format(fnames=fields, load=load)

    def update_field_translations(
        self,
        field_name: str,
        translations: dict[str, str | typing.Literal[False] | dict[str, str]],
        source_lang: str = '',
    ) -> bool:
        """ Update the translations for a given field

        See 'self._update_field_translations' docstring for details.
        """
        return self._update_field_translations(field_name, translations, source_lang=source_lang)

    def _update_field_translations(
        self,
        field_name: str,
        translations: dict[str, str | typing.Literal[False] | dict[str, str]],
        digest: Callable[[str], str] | None = None,
        source_lang: str = '',
    ) -> bool:
        """ Update the translations for a given field, with support for handling
        old terms using an optional digest function.

        :param field_name: The name of the field to update.
        :param translations: The translations to apply.
            If ``field.translate`` is ``True``, the dictionary should be in the
            format::

                {lang: new_value}

            where ``new_value`` can either be:

            * a ``str``, in which case the new translation for the specified
              language.
            * ``False``, in which case it removes the translation for the
                specified language and falls back to the latest en_US value.

            If ``field.translate`` is a callable, the dictionary should be in
            the format::

                {lang: {old_source_lang_term: new_term}}

            or (when ``digest`` is callable)::

                {lang: {digest(old_source_lang_term): new_term}}.

            where ``new_term`` can either be:

            * a non-empty ``str``, in which case the new translation of
              ``old_term`` for the specified language.
            * ``False`` or ``''``, in which case it removes the translation for
                the specified language and falls back to the old
                ``source_lang_term``.

        :param digest: An optional function to generate identifiers for old terms.
        :param source_lang: The language of ``old_source_lang_term`` in
            translations. Assumes ``'en_US'`` when it is not set / empty.
        """
        self.ensure_one()

        self.check_access('write')
        field = self._fields[field_name]
        self._check_field_access(field, 'write')

        valid_langs = set(code for code, _ in self.env['res.lang'].get_installed()) | {'en_US'}
        source_lang = source_lang or 'en_US'
        missing_langs = (set(translations) | {source_lang}) - valid_langs
        if missing_langs:
            raise UserError(
                _("The following languages are not activated: %(missing_names)s",
                missing_names=', '.join(missing_langs))
            )

        if not field.translate:
            return False  # or raise error

        if not field.store and not field.related and field.compute:
            # a non-related non-stored computed field cannot be translated, even if it has inverse function
            return False

        # Strictly speaking, a translated related/computed field cannot be stored
        # because the compute function only support one language
        # `not field.store` is a redundant logic.
        # But some developers store translated related fields.
        # In these cases, only all translations of the first stored translation field will be updated
        # For other stored related translated field, the translation for the flush language will be updated
        if field.related and not field.store:
            related_path, field_name = field.related.rsplit(".", 1)
            return self.mapped(related_path)._update_field_translations(field_name, translations, digest)

        if field.translate is True:
            # falsy values (except emtpy str) are used to void the corresponding translation
            if any(translation and not isinstance(translation, str) for translation in translations.values()):
                raise UserError(_("Translations for model translated fields only accept falsy values and str"))
            value_en = translations.get('en_US', True)
            if not value_en and value_en != '':
                translations.pop('en_US')
            translations = {
                lang: translation if isinstance(translation, str) else None
                for lang, translation in translations.items()
            }
            if not translations:
                return False

            translation_fallback = translations['en_US'] if translations.get('en_US') is not None \
                else translations[self.env.lang] if translations.get(self.env.lang) is not None \
                else next((v for v in translations.values() if v is not None), None)
            self.invalidate_recordset([field_name])
            self.env.cr.execute(SQL(
                """ UPDATE %(table)s
                    SET %(field)s = NULLIF(
                        jsonb_strip_nulls(%(fallback)s || COALESCE(%(field)s, '{}'::jsonb) || %(value)s),
                        '{}'::jsonb)
                    WHERE id = %(id)s
                """,
                table=SQL.identifier(self._table),
                field=SQL.identifier(field_name),
                fallback=Json({'en_US': translation_fallback}),
                value=Json(translations),
                id=self.id,
            ))
            self.modified([field_name])
        else:
            old_values = field._get_stored_translations(self)
            if not old_values:
                return False

            for lang in translations:
                # for languages to be updated, use the unconfirmed translated value to replace the language value
                if f'_{lang}' in old_values:
                    old_values[lang] = old_values.pop(f'_{lang}')
            translations = {lang: _translations for lang, _translations in translations.items() if _translations}

            old_source_lang_value = old_values[next(
                lang
                for lang in [f'_{source_lang}', source_lang, '_en_US', 'en_US']
                if lang in old_values)]
            old_values_to_translate = {
                lang: value
                for lang, value in old_values.items()
                if lang != source_lang and lang in translations
            }
            old_translation_dictionary = field.get_translation_dictionary(old_source_lang_value, old_values_to_translate)

            if digest:
                # replace digested old_en_term with real old_en_term
                digested2term = {
                    digest(old_en_term): old_en_term
                    for old_en_term in old_translation_dictionary
                }
                translations = {
                    lang: {
                        digested2term[src]: value
                        for src, value in lang_translations.items()
                        if src in digested2term
                    }
                    for lang, lang_translations in translations.items()
                }

            new_values = old_values
            for lang, _translations in translations.items():
                _old_translations = {src: values[lang] for src, values in old_translation_dictionary.items() if lang in values}
                _new_translations = {**_old_translations, **_translations}
                new_values[lang] = field.convert_to_cache(field.translate(_new_translations.get, old_source_lang_value), self)
            field._update_cache(self.with_context(prefetch_langs=True), new_values, dirty=True)

        # the following write is incharge of
        # 1. mark field as modified
        # 2. execute logics in the override `write` method
        # even if the value in cache is the same as the value written
        self[field_name] = self[field_name]
        return True

    def get_field_translations(self, field_name: str, langs: Collection[str] | None = None) -> tuple[list[dict[str, str]], dict[str, typing.Any]]:
        """ Get model/model_term translations for records.

        :param field_name: field name
        :param langs: languages

        :return: (translations, context) where
            translations: list of dicts like [{"lang": lang, "source": source_term, "value": value_term}]
            context: {"translation_type": "text"/"char", "translation_show_source": True/False}
        """
        self.ensure_one()
        field = self._fields[field_name]
        # We don't forbid reading inactive/non-existing languages,
        langs = set(langs or [l[0] for l in self.env['res.lang'].get_installed()])
        self_lang = self.with_context(check_translations=True, prefetch_langs=True)
        val_en = self_lang.with_context(lang='en_US')[field_name]
        if not field.translate:
            translations = []
        elif field.translate is True:
            translations = [{
                'lang': lang,
                'source': val_en,
                'value': self_lang.with_context(lang=lang)[field_name]
            } for lang in langs]
        else:
            translation_dictionary = field.get_translation_dictionary(
                val_en, {lang: self_lang.with_context(lang=lang)[field_name] for lang in langs}
            )
            translations = [{
                'lang': lang,
                'source': term_en,
                'value': term_lang if term_lang != term_en else ''
            } for term_en, translations in translation_dictionary.items()
                for lang, term_lang in translations.items()]
        context = {}
        context['translation_type'] = 'text' if field.type in ['text', 'html'] else 'char'
        context['translation_show_source'] = callable(field.translate)

        return translations, context

    def _get_base_lang(self) -> str:
        """ Return the base language of the record. """
        self.ensure_one()
        return 'en_US'

    def _read_format(self, fnames: Sequence[str], load: str = '_classic_read') -> list[ValuesType]:
        """Return a list of dictionaries mapping field names to their values,
        with one dictionary per record that exists.

        The output format is the one expected from the `read` method, which uses
        this method as its implementation for formatting values.

        For the properties fields, call convert_to_read_multi instead of convert_to_read
        to prepare everything (record existences, display name, etc) in batch.

        The current method is different from `read` because it retrieves its
        values from the cache without doing a query when it is avoidable.
        """
        data = [(record, {'id': record.id}) for record in self]
        use_display_name = (load == '_classic_read')
        for name in fnames:
            field = self._fields[name]
            if field.type == 'properties':
                values_list = []
                records = []
                for record, vals in data:
                    try:
                        values_list.append(record[name])
                        records.append(record.id)
                    except MissingError:
                        vals.clear()

                results = field.convert_to_read_multi(values_list, self.browse(records))
                for record_read_vals, convert_result in zip(data, results):
                    record_read_vals[1][name] = convert_result
                continue

            convert = field.convert_to_read
            for record, vals in data:
                # missing records have their vals empty
                if not vals:
                    continue
                try:
                    vals[name] = convert(record[name], record, use_display_name)
                except MissingError:
                    vals.clear()
        result = [vals for record, vals in data if vals]

        return result

    def _fetch_field(self, field: Field) -> None:
        """ Read from the database in order to fetch ``field`` (:class:`Field`
            instance) for ``self`` in cache.
        """
        # determine which fields can be prefetched
        if self.env.context.get('prefetch_fields', True) and field.prefetch:
            fnames = [
                name
                for name, f in self._fields.items()
                # select fields with the same prefetch group
                if f.prefetch == field.prefetch
                # discard fields with groups that the user may not access
                if self._has_field_access(f, 'read')
            ]
            if field.name not in fnames:
                fnames.append(field.name)
        else:
            fnames = [field.name]
        self.fetch(fnames)

    @api.private
    def fetch(self, field_names: Collection[str] | None = None) -> None:
        """ Make sure the given fields are in memory for the records in ``self``,
        by fetching what is necessary from the database.  Non-stored fields are
        mostly ignored, except for their stored dependencies. This method should
        be called to optimize code.

        :param field_names: a collection of field names to fetch, or ``None`` for
            all accessible fields marked with ``prefetch=True``
        :raise AccessError: if user is not allowed to access requested information

        This method is implemented thanks to methods :meth:`_search` and
        :meth:`_fetch_query`, and should not be overridden.
        """
        self = self._origin  # noqa: PLW0642 filtered out new records
        if not self or not (field_names is None or field_names):
            return

        fields_to_fetch = self._determine_fields_to_fetch(field_names, ignore_when_in_cache=True)

        # first determine a query that satisfies the domain and access rules
        if any(field.column_type for field in fields_to_fetch):
            query = self._search([('id', 'in', self.ids)], active_test=False)
        else:
            try:
                self.check_access('read')
            except MissingError:
                # Method fetch() should never raise a MissingError, but method
                # check_access() can, because it must read fields on self.
                # So we restrict 'self' to existing records (to avoid an extra
                # exists() at the end of the method).
                self = self.exists()
                self.check_access('read')
            if not fields_to_fetch:
                return
            query = self._as_query(ordered=False)

        # fetch the fields
        fetched = self._fetch_query(query, fields_to_fetch)

        # possibly raise exception for the records that could not be read
        if fetched != self:
            forbidden = (self - fetched).exists()
            if forbidden:
                raise self.env['ir.rule']._make_access_error('read', forbidden)

    def _determine_fields_to_fetch(
            self,
            field_names: Collection[str] | None = None,
            ignore_when_in_cache: bool = False,
        ) -> list[Field]:
        """
        Return the fields to fetch from database among the given field names,
        and following the dependencies of computed fields. The method is used
        by :meth:`fetch` and :meth:`search_fetch`.

        :param field_names: the collection of requested fields, or ``None`` for
            all accessible fields marked with ``prefetch=True``
        :param ignore_when_in_cache: whether to ignore fields that are alreay in cache for ``self``
        :return: the list of fields that must be fetched
        :raise AccessError: when trying to fetch fields to which the user does not have access
        """
        if field_names is None:
            return [
                field
                for field in self._fields.values()
                if field.prefetch is True and self._has_field_access(field, 'read')
            ]

        if not field_names:
            return []

        fields_to_fetch: list[Field] = []
        fields_todo = deque[Field]()
        fields_done = {self._fields['id']}  # trick: ignore 'id'
        for field_name in field_names:
            try:
                field = self._fields[field_name]
            except KeyError as e:
                raise ValueError(f"Invalid field {field_name!r} on {self._name!r}") from e
            self._check_field_access(field, 'read')
            fields_todo.append(field)

        while fields_todo:
            field = fields_todo.popleft()
            if field in fields_done:
                continue
            fields_done.add(field)
            if ignore_when_in_cache and not any(field._cache_missing_ids(self)):
                # field is already in cache: don't fetch it
                continue
            if field.store:
                fields_to_fetch.append(field)
            else:
                # optimization: fetch field dependencies
                for dotname in self.pool.field_depends[field]:
                    dep_field = self._fields[dotname.split('.', 1)[0]]
                    if (not dep_field.store) or (
                        dep_field.prefetch is True
                        and self._has_field_access(dep_field, 'read')
                    ):
                        fields_todo.append(dep_field)

        return fields_to_fetch

    def _fetch_query(self, query: Query, fields: Sequence[Field]) -> Self:
        """ Fetch the given fields (iterable of :class:`Field` instances) from
        the given query, put them in cache, and return the fetched records.

        This method may be overridden to change what fields to actually fetch,
        or to change the values that are put in cache.
        """

        # determine columns fields and those with their own read() method
        column_fields: OrderedSet[Field] = OrderedSet()
        other_fields: OrderedSet[Field] = OrderedSet()
        for field in fields:
            if field.name == 'id':
                continue
            assert field.store
            (column_fields if field.column_type else other_fields).add(field)

        context = self.env.context

        if column_fields:
            # the query may involve several tables: we need fully-qualified names
            sql_terms = [SQL.identifier(self._table, 'id')]
            for field in column_fields:
                if field.type == 'binary' and (
                        context.get('bin_size') or context.get('bin_size_' + field.name)):
                    # PG 9.2 introduces conflicting pg_size_pretty(numeric) -> need ::cast
                    sql = self._field_to_sql(self._table, field.name, query)
                    sql = SQL("pg_size_pretty(length(%s)::bigint)", sql)
                else:
                    sql = self._field_to_sql(self._table, field.name, query)
                    # flushing is necessary to retrieve the en_US value of fields without a translation
                    # otherwise, re-create the SQL without flushing
                    if not field.translate:
                        to_flush = (f for f in sql.to_flush if f != field)
                        sql = SQL(sql.code, *sql.params, to_flush=to_flush)
                sql_terms.append(sql)

            # select the given columns from the rows in the query
            rows = self.env.execute_query(query.select(*sql_terms))

            if not rows:
                return self.browse()

            # rows = [(id1, a1, b1), (id2, a2, b2), ...]
            # column_values = [(id1, id2, ...), (a1, a2, ...), (b1, b2, ...)]
            column_values = zip(*rows)
            ids = next(column_values)
            fetched = self.browse(ids)

            # If we assume that the value of a pending update is in cache, we
            # can avoid flushing pending updates if the fetched values do not
            # overwrite values in cache.
            for field, values in zip(column_fields, column_values, strict=True):
                # store values in cache, but without overwriting
                field._insert_cache(fetched, values)
        else:
            fetched = self.browse(query)

        # process non-column fields
        if fetched:
            for field in other_fields:
                field.read(fetched)

        return fetched

    def get_metadata(self) -> list[ValuesType]:
        """Return some metadata about the given records.

        :returns: list of ownership dictionaries for each requested record with the following keys:

            * id: object id
            * create_uid: user who created the record
            * create_date: date when the record was created
            * write_uid: last user who changed the record
            * write_date: date of the last change to the record
            * xmlid: XML ID to use to refer to this record (if there is one), in format ``module.name``
            * xmlids: list of dict with xmlid in format ``module.name``, and noupdate as boolean
            * noupdate: A boolean telling if the record will be updated or not
        """

        IrModelData = self.env['ir.model.data'].sudo()
        if self._log_access:
            res = self.read(LOG_ACCESS_COLUMNS)
        else:
            res = [{'id': x} for x in self.ids]


        xml_data = defaultdict(list)
        imds = IrModelData.search_read(
            [('model', '=', self._name), ('res_id', 'in', self.ids)],
            ['res_id', 'noupdate', 'module', 'name'],
            order='id DESC'
        )
        for imd in imds:
            xml_data[imd['res_id']].append({
                'xmlid': "%s.%s" % (imd['module'], imd['name']),
                'noupdate': imd['noupdate'],
            })

        for r in res:
            main = xml_data.get(r['id'], [{}])[-1]
            r['xmlid'] = main.get('xmlid', False)
            r['noupdate'] = main.get('noupdate', False)
            r['xmlids'] = xml_data.get(r['id'], [])[::-1]
        return res

    def get_base_url(self) -> str:
        """ Return rooturl for a specific record.

        By default, it returns the ir.config.parameter of base_url
        but it can be overridden by model.

        :return: the base url for this record
        """
        if len(self) > 1:
            raise ValueError("Expected singleton or no record: %s" % self)
        return self.env['ir.config_parameter'].sudo().get_param('web.base.url')

    def _check_company_domain(self, companies) -> Domain:
        """Domain to be used for company consistency between records regarding this model.

        :param companies: the allowed companies for the related record
        :type companies: BaseModel or list or tuple or int or unquote
        """
        if not companies:
            return Domain('company_id', '=', False)
        if isinstance(companies, unquote):
            return Domain('company_id', 'in', unquote(f'{companies} + [False]'))
        return Domain('company_id', 'in', to_record_ids(companies) + [False])

    def _check_company(self, fnames=None):
        """ Check the companies of the values of the given field names.

        :param list fnames: names of relational fields to check
        :raises UserError: if the `company_id` of the value of any field is not
            in `[False, self.company_id]` (or `self` if
            :class:`~odoo.addons.base.models.res_company`).

        For :class:`~odoo.addons.base.models.res_users` relational fields,
        verifies record company is in `company_ids` fields.

        User with main company A, having access to company A and B, could be
        assigned or linked to records in company B.
        """
        if fnames is None or {'company_id', 'company_ids'} & set(fnames):
            fnames = self._fields

        regular_fields = []
        property_fields = []
        for name in fnames:
            field = self._fields[name]
            if field.relational and field.check_company:
                if not field.company_dependent:
                    regular_fields.append(name)
                else:
                    property_fields.append(name)

        if not (regular_fields or property_fields):
            return

        inconsistencies = []
        for record in self:
            # The first part of the check verifies that all records linked via relation fields are compatible
            # with the company of the origin document, i.e. `self.account_id.company_id == self.company_id`
            if regular_fields:
                if self._name == 'res.company':
                    companies = record
                elif 'company_id' in self:
                    companies = record.company_id
                elif 'company_ids' in self:
                    companies = record.company_ids
                else:
                    _logger.warning(_(
                        "Skipping a company check for model %(model_name)s. Its fields %(field_names)s are set as company-dependent, "
                        "but the model doesn't have a `company_id` or `company_ids` field!",
                        model_name=self._name, field_names=regular_fields
                    ))
                    continue
                for name in regular_fields:
                    corecords = record.sudo()[name]
                    if corecords:
                        domain = corecords._check_company_domain(companies)
                        if domain and corecords != corecords.with_context(active_test=False).filtered_domain(domain):
                            inconsistencies.append((record, name, corecords))
            # The second part of the check (for property / company-dependent fields) verifies that the records
            # linked via those relation fields are compatible with the company that owns the property value, i.e.
            # the company for which the value is being assigned, i.e:
            #      `self.property_account_payable_id.company_id == self.env.company
            company = self.env.company
            for name in property_fields:
                corecords = record.sudo()[name]
                if corecords:
                    domain = corecords._check_company_domain(company)
                    if domain and corecords != corecords.with_context(active_test=False).filtered_domain(domain):
                        inconsistencies.append((record, name, corecords))

        if inconsistencies:
            lines = [_("Uh-oh! You’ve got some company inconsistencies here:")]
            company_msg = _lt("- Record is company “%(company)s” while “%(field)s” (%(fname)s: %(values)s) belongs to another company.")
            record_msg = _lt("- “%(record)s” belongs to company “%(company)s” while “%(field)s” (%(fname)s: %(values)s) belongs to another company.")
            root_company_msg = _lt("- Only a root company can be set on “%(record)s”. Currently set to “%(company)s”")
            for record, name, corecords in inconsistencies[:5]:
                if record._name == 'res.company':
                    msg, companies = company_msg, record
                elif record == corecords and name == 'company_id':
                    msg, companies = root_company_msg, record.company_id
                else:
                    msg = record_msg
                    companies = record.company_id if 'company_id' in record else record.company_ids
                field = self.env['ir.model.fields']._get(self._name, name)
                lines.append(str(msg) % {
                    'record': record.display_name,
                    'company': ", ".join(company.display_name for company in companies),
                    'field': field.field_description,
                    'fname': field.name,
                    'values': ", ".join(repr(rec.display_name) for rec in corecords),
                })
            lines.append(_("To avoid a mess, no company crossover is allowed!"))
            raise UserError("\n".join(lines))

    @api.private  # use has_access
    def check_access(self, operation: str) -> None:
        """ Verify that the current user is allowed to perform ``operation`` on
        all the records in ``self``. The method raises an :class:`AccessError`
        if the operation is forbidden on the model in general, or on any record
        in ``self``.

        In particular, when ``self`` is empty, the method checks whether the
        current user has some permission to perform ``operation`` on the model
        in general::

            # check that user has some minimal permission on the model
            records.browse().check_access(operation)

        """
        if not self.env.su and (result := self._check_access(operation)):
            raise result[1]()

    def has_access(self, operation: str) -> bool:
        """ Return whether the current user is allowed to perform ``operation``
        on all the records in ``self``. The method is fully consistent with
        method :meth:`check_access` but returns a boolean instead.
        """
        return self.env.su or not self._check_access(operation)

    def _filtered_access(self, operation: str):
        """ Return the subset of ``self`` for which the current user is allowed
        to perform ``operation``. The method is fully equivalent to::

            self.filtered(lambda record: record.has_access(operation))

        """
        if self and not self.env.su and (result := self._check_access(operation)):
            return self - result[0]
        return self

    def _check_access(self, operation: str) -> tuple[Self, Callable] | None:
        """ Return ``None`` if the current user has permission to perform
        ``operation`` on the records ``self``. Otherwise, return a pair
        ``(records, function)`` where ``records`` are the forbidden records, and
        ``function`` can be used to create some corresponding exception.

        This method provides the base implementation of
        methods :meth:`check_access`, :meth:`has_access`
        and :meth:`_filtered_access`. The method may be overridden in order to
        restrict the access to ``self``.
        """
        Access = self.env['ir.model.access']
        if not Access.check(self._name, operation, raise_exception=False):
            return self, functools.partial(Access._make_access_error, self._name, operation)

        # we only check access rules on real records, which should not be mixed
        # with new records
        if any(self._ids):
            Rule = self.env['ir.rule']
            domain = Rule._compute_domain(self._name, operation)
            if domain and (forbidden := self - self.sudo().with_context(active_test=False).filtered_domain(domain)):
                return forbidden, functools.partial(Rule._make_access_error, operation, forbidden)

        return None

    @api.model
    @api.deprecated("check_access_rights() is deprecated since 18.0; use check_access() instead.")
    def check_access_rights(self, operation, raise_exception=True):
        """ Verify that the given operation is allowed for the current user accord to ir.model.access.

        :param str operation: one of ``create``, ``read``, ``write``, ``unlink``
        :param bool raise_exception: whether an exception should be raise if operation is forbidden
        :return: whether the operation is allowed
        :rtype: bool
        :raise AccessError: if the operation is forbidden and raise_exception is True
        """
        if raise_exception:
            return self.browse().check_access(operation)
        return self.browse().has_access(operation)

    @api.deprecated("check_access_rule() is deprecated since 18.0; use check_access() instead.")
    def check_access_rule(self, operation):
        """ Verify that the given operation is allowed for the current user according to ir.rules.

        :param str operation: one of ``create``, ``read``, ``write``, ``unlink``
        :return: None if the operation is allowed
        :raise UserError: if current ``ir.rules`` do not permit this operation.
        """
        self.check_access(operation)

    @api.deprecated("_filter_access_rules() is deprecated since 18.0; use _filtered_access() instead.")
    def _filter_access_rules(self, operation):
        """ Return the subset of ``self`` for which ``operation`` is allowed. """
        return self._filtered_access(operation)

    @api.deprecated("_filter_access_rules_python() is deprecated since 18.0; use _filtered_access() instead.")
    def _filter_access_rules_python(self, operation):
        return self._filtered_access(operation)

    def unlink(self) -> typing.Literal[True]:
        """ Delete the records in ``self``.

        :raise AccessError: if the user is not allowed to delete all the given records
        :raise UserError: if the record is default property for other records
        """
        if not self:
            return True

        self.check_access('unlink')

        from odoo.addons.base.models.ir_model import MODULE_UNINSTALL_FLAG
        for func in self._ondelete_methods:
            # func._ondelete is True if it should be called during uninstallation
            if func._ondelete or not self.env.context.get(MODULE_UNINSTALL_FLAG):
                func(self)

        # TOFIX: this avoids an infinite loop when trying to recompute a
        # field, which triggers the recomputation of another field using the
        # same compute function, which then triggers again the computation
        # of those two fields
        for field in self._fields.values():
            self.env.remove_to_compute(field, self)

        self.env.flush_all()

        cr = self.env.cr
        Data = self.env['ir.model.data'].sudo().with_context({})
        Defaults = self.env['ir.default'].sudo()
        Attachment = self.env['ir.attachment'].sudo()
        ir_model_data_unlink = Data
        ir_attachment_unlink = Attachment

        # mark fields that depend on 'self' to recompute them after 'self' has
        # been deleted (like updating a sum of lines after deleting one line)
        with self.env.protecting(self._fields.values(), self):
            self.modified(self._fields, before=True)

        for sub_ids in split_every(cr.IN_MAX, self.ids):
            records = self.browse(sub_ids)

            cr.execute(SQL(
                "DELETE FROM %s WHERE id IN %s",
                SQL.identifier(self._table), sub_ids,
            ))

            # Removing the ir_model_data reference if the record being deleted
            # is a record created by xml/csv file, as these are not connected
            # with real database foreign keys, and would be dangling references.
            #
            # Note: the following steps are performed as superuser to avoid
            # access rights restrictions, and with no context to avoid possible
            # side-effects during admin calls.
            data = Data.search([('model', '=', self._name), ('res_id', 'in', sub_ids)])
            ir_model_data_unlink |= data

            # For the same reason, remove the relevant records in ir_attachment
            # (the search is performed with sql as the search method of
            # ir_attachment is overridden to hide attachments of deleted
            # records)
            cr.execute(SQL(
                "SELECT id FROM ir_attachment WHERE res_model=%s AND res_id IN %s",
                self._name, sub_ids,
            ))
            ir_attachment_unlink |= Attachment.browse(row[0] for row in cr.fetchall())

            # don't allow fallback value in ir.default for many2one company dependent fields to be deleted
            # Exception: when MODULE_UNINSTALL_FLAG, these fallbacks can be deleted by Defaults.discard_records(records)
            if (many2one_fields := self.env.registry.many2one_company_dependents[self._name]) and not self.env.context.get(MODULE_UNINSTALL_FLAG):
                IrModelFields = self.env["ir.model.fields"]
                field_ids = tuple(IrModelFields._get_ids(field.model_name).get(field.name) for field in many2one_fields)
                sub_ids_json_text = tuple(json.dumps(id_) for id_ in sub_ids)
                if default := Defaults.search([('field_id', 'in', field_ids), ('json_value', 'in', sub_ids_json_text)], limit=1, order='id desc'):
                    ir_field = default.field_id.sudo()
                    field = self.env[ir_field.model]._fields[ir_field.name]
                    record = self.browse(json.loads(default.json_value))
                    raise UserError(_('Unable to delete %(record)s because it is used as the default value of %(field)s', record=record, field=field))

            # on delete set null/restrict for jsonb company dependent many2one
            for field in many2one_fields:
                model = self.env[field.model_name]
                if field.ondelete == 'restrict' and not self.env.context.get(MODULE_UNINSTALL_FLAG):
                    if res := self.env.execute_query(SQL(
                        """
                        SELECT id, %(field)s
                        FROM %(table)s
                        WHERE %(field)s IS NOT NULL
                        AND %(field)s @? %(jsonpath)s
                        ORDER BY id
                        LIMIT 1
                        """,
                        table=SQL.identifier(model._table),
                        field=SQL.identifier(field.name),
                        jsonpath=f"$.* ? ({' || '.join(f'@ == {id_}' for id_ in sub_ids)})",
                    )):
                        on_restrict_id, field_json = res[0]
                        to_delete_id = next(iter(id_ for id_ in field_json.values()))
                        on_restrict_record = model.browse(on_restrict_id)
                        to_delete_record = self.browse(to_delete_id)
                        raise UserError(_('You cannot delete %(to_delete_record)s, as it is used by %(on_restrict_record)s',
                                          to_delete_record=to_delete_record, on_restrict_record=on_restrict_record))
                else:
                    self.env.execute_query(SQL(
                        """
                        UPDATE %(table)s
                        SET %(field)s = (
                            SELECT jsonb_object_agg(
                                key,
                                CASE
                                    WHEN value::int4 in %(ids)s THEN NULL
                                    ELSE value::int4
                                END)
                            FROM jsonb_each_text(%(field)s)
                        )
                        WHERE %(field)s IS NOT NULL
                        AND %(field)s @? %(jsonpath)s
                        """,
                        table=SQL.identifier(model._table),
                        field=SQL.identifier(field.name),
                        ids=sub_ids,
                        jsonpath=f"$.* ? ({' || '.join(f'@ == {id_}' for id_ in sub_ids)})",
                    ))

            # For the same reason, remove the defaults having some of the
            # records as value
            Defaults.discard_records(records)

        # invalidate the *whole* cache, since the orm does not handle all
        # changes made in the database, like cascading delete!
        self.env.invalidate_all(flush=False)
        if ir_model_data_unlink:
            ir_model_data_unlink.unlink()
        if ir_attachment_unlink:
            ir_attachment_unlink.unlink()

        # auditing: deletions are infrequent and leave no trace in the database
        _unlink.info('User #%s deleted %s records with IDs: %r', self.env.uid, self._name, self.ids)

        return True

    def write(self, vals: ValuesType) -> typing.Literal[True]:
        """ Update all records in ``self`` with the provided values.

        :param vals: fields to update and the value to set on them
        :raise AccessError: if user is not allowed to modify the specified records/fields
        :raise ValidationError: if invalid values are specified for selection fields
        :raise UserError: if a loop would be created in a hierarchy of objects a result of the operation (such as setting an object as its own parent)

        * For numeric fields (:class:`~odoo.fields.Integer`,
          :class:`~odoo.fields.Float`) the value should be of the
          corresponding type
        * For :class:`~odoo.fields.Boolean`, the value should be a
          :class:`python:bool`
        * For :class:`~odoo.fields.Selection`, the value should match the
          selection values (generally :class:`python:str`, sometimes
          :class:`python:int`)
        * For :class:`~odoo.fields.Many2one`, the value should be the
          database identifier of the record to set
        * The expected value of a :class:`~odoo.fields.One2many` or
          :class:`~odoo.fields.Many2many` relational field is a list of
          :class:`~odoo.fields.Command` that manipulate the relation the
          implement. There are a total of 7 commands:
          :meth:`~odoo.fields.Command.create`,
          :meth:`~odoo.fields.Command.update`,
          :meth:`~odoo.fields.Command.delete`,
          :meth:`~odoo.fields.Command.unlink`,
          :meth:`~odoo.fields.Command.link`,
          :meth:`~odoo.fields.Command.clear`, and
          :meth:`~odoo.fields.Command.set`.
        * For :class:`~odoo.fields.Date` and `~odoo.fields.Datetime`,
          the value should be either a date(time), or a string.

          .. warning::

            If a string is provided for Date(time) fields,
            it must be UTC-only and formatted according to
            :const:`odoo.tools.misc.DEFAULT_SERVER_DATE_FORMAT` and
            :const:`odoo.tools.misc.DEFAULT_SERVER_DATETIME_FORMAT`

        * Other non-relational fields use a string for value
        """
        if not self:
            return True

        self.check_access('write')
        for field_name in vals:
            try:
                self._check_field_access(self._fields[field_name], 'write')
            except KeyError as e:
                raise ValueError(f"Invalid field {field_name!r} in {self._name!r}") from e
        env = self.env

        bad_names = {'id', 'parent_path'}
        if self._log_access:
            # the superuser can set log_access fields while loading registry
            if not (self.env.uid == SUPERUSER_ID and not self.pool.ready):
                bad_names.update(LOG_ACCESS_COLUMNS)

        # set magic fields
        vals = {key: val for key, val in vals.items() if key not in bad_names}
        if self._log_access:
            vals.setdefault('write_uid', self.env.uid)
            vals.setdefault('write_date', self.env.cr.now())

        field_values = []                           # [(field, value)]
        determine_inverses = defaultdict(list)      # {inverse: fields}
        fnames_modifying_relations = []
        protected = set()
        for fname, value in vals.items():
            field = self._fields.get(fname)
            if not field:
                raise ValueError("Invalid field %r on model %r" % (fname, self._name))
            field_values.append((field, value))
            if field.inverse:
                if field.type in ('one2many', 'many2many'):
                    # The written value is a list of commands that must applied
                    # on the field's current value. Because the field is
                    # protected while being written, the field's current value
                    # will not be computed and default to an empty recordset. So
                    # make sure the field's value is in cache before writing, in
                    # order to avoid an inconsistent update.
                    self[fname]
                determine_inverses[field.inverse].append(field)
            if self.pool.is_modifying_relations(field):
                fnames_modifying_relations.append(fname)
            if field.inverse or (field.compute and not field.readonly):
                if field.store or field.type not in ('one2many', 'many2many'):
                    # Protect the field from being recomputed while being
                    # inversed. In the case of non-stored x2many fields, the
                    # field's value may contain unexpeced new records (created
                    # by command 0). Those new records are necessary for
                    # inversing the field, but should no longer appear if the
                    # field is recomputed afterwards. Not protecting the field
                    # will automatically invalidate the field from the cache,
                    # forcing its value to be recomputed once dependencies are
                    # up-to-date.
                    protected.update(self.pool.field_computed.get(field, [field]))

        # force the computation of fields that are computed with some assigned
        # fields, but are not assigned themselves
        to_compute = [field.name
                      for field in protected
                      if field.compute and field.name not in vals]
        if to_compute:
            self._recompute_recordset(to_compute)

        # protect fields being written against recomputation
        with env.protecting(protected, self):
            # Determine records depending on values. When modifying a relational
            # field, you have to recompute what depends on the field's values
            # before and after modification.  This is because the modification
            # has an impact on the "data path" between a computed field and its
            # dependency.  Note that this double call to modified() is only
            # necessary for relational fields.
            #
            # It is best explained with a simple example: consider two sales
            # orders SO1 and SO2.  The computed total amount on sales orders
            # indirectly depends on the many2one field 'order_id' linking lines
            # to their sales order.  Now consider the following code:
            #
            #   line = so1.line_ids[0]      # pick a line from SO1
            #   line.order_id = so2         # move the line to SO2
            #
            # In this situation, the total amount must be recomputed on *both*
            # sales order: the line's order before the modification, and the
            # line's order after the modification.
            self.modified(fnames_modifying_relations, before=True)

            real_recs = self.filtered('id')

            # field.write_sequence determines a priority for writing on fields.
            # Monetary fields need their corresponding currency field in cache
            # for rounding values. X2many fields must be written last, because
            # they flush other fields when deleting lines.
            for field, value in sorted(field_values, key=lambda item: item[0].write_sequence):
                field.write(self, value)

            # determine records depending on new values
            #
            # Call modified after write, because the modified can trigger a
            # search which can trigger a flush which can trigger a recompute
            # which remove the field from the recompute list while all the
            # values required for the computation could not be yet in cache.
            # e.g. Write on `name` of `res.partner` trigger the recompute of
            # `display_name`, which triggers a search on child_ids to find the
            # childs to which the display_name must be recomputed, which
            # triggers the flush of `display_name` because the _order of
            # res.partner includes display_name. The computation of display_name
            # is then done too soon because the parent_id was not yet written.
            # (`test_01_website_reset_password_tour`)
            self.modified(vals)

            if self._parent_store and self._parent_name in vals:
                self.flush_model([self._parent_name])

            # validate non-inversed fields first
            inverse_fields = [f.name for fs in determine_inverses.values() for f in fs]
            real_recs._validate_fields(vals, inverse_fields)

            for fields in determine_inverses.values():
                # write again on non-stored fields that have been invalidated from cache
                for field in fields:
                    if not field.store and (not field.inherited or field.type not in ('one2many', 'many2many')) and any(field._cache_missing_ids(real_recs)):
                        field.write(real_recs, vals[field.name])

                # inverse records that are not being computed
                try:
                    fields[0].determine_inverse(real_recs)
                except AccessError as e:
                    if fields[0].inherited:
                        description = self.env['ir.model']._get(self._name).name
                        raise AccessError(_(
                            "%(previous_message)s\n\nImplicitly accessed through '%(document_kind)s' (%(document_model)s).",
                            previous_message=e.args[0],
                            document_kind=description,
                            document_model=self._name,
                        ))
                    raise

            # validate inversed fields
            real_recs._validate_fields(inverse_fields)

        if self._check_company_auto:
            self._check_company(list(vals))
        return True

    def _write(self, vals: ValuesType) -> None:
        """ Low-level implementation of write() """
        self._write_multi([vals] * len(self))

    def _write_multi(self, vals_list: list[ValuesType]) -> None:
        """ Low-level implementation of write() """
        assert len(self) == len(vals_list)

        if not self:
            return

        # determine records that require updating parent_path
        parent_records = self._parent_store_update_prepare(vals_list)

        if self._log_access:
            # set magic fields (already done by write(), but not for computed fields)
            log_vals = {'write_uid': self.env.uid, 'write_date': self.env.cr.now()}
            vals_list = [(log_vals | vals) for vals in vals_list]

        # determine SQL updates, grouped by set of updated fields:
        # {(col1, col2, col3): [(id, val1, val2, val3)]}
        updates = defaultdict(list)
        for record, vals in zip(self, vals_list):
            # sort vals.items() by key, then retrieve its keys and values
            fnames, row = zip(*sorted(vals.items()))
            updates[fnames].append(record._ids + row)

        # perform updates (fnames, rows) in batches
        updates_list = [
            (fnames, sub_rows)
            for fnames, rows in updates.items()
            for sub_rows in split_every(UPDATE_BATCH_SIZE, rows)
        ]

        # update columns by group of updated fields
        for fnames, rows in updates_list:
            columns = []
            assignments = []
            for fname in fnames:
                field = self._fields[fname]
                assert field.store and field.column_type
                column = SQL.identifier(fname)
                # the type cast is necessary for some values, like NULLs
                expr = SQL('"__tmp".%s::%s', column, SQL(field.column_type[1]))
                if field.translate is True:
                    # this is the SQL equivalent of:
                    # None if expr is None else (
                    #     (column or {'en_US': next(iter(expr.values()))}) | expr
                    # )
                    expr = SQL(
                        """CASE WHEN %(expr)s IS NULL THEN NULL ELSE
                            COALESCE(%(table)s.%(column)s, jsonb_build_object(
                                'en_US', jsonb_path_query_first(%(expr)s, '$.*')
                            )) || %(expr)s
                        END""",
                        table=SQL.identifier(self._table),
                        column=column,
                        expr=expr,
                    )
                if field.company_dependent:
                    fallbacks = self.env['ir.default']._get_field_column_fallbacks(self._name, fname)
                    expr = SQL(
                        """(SELECT jsonb_object_agg(d.key, d.value)
                        FROM jsonb_each(COALESCE(%(table)s.%(column)s, '{}'::jsonb) || %(expr)s) d
                        JOIN jsonb_each(%(fallbacks)s) f
                        ON d.key = f.key AND d.value != f.value)""",
                        table=SQL.identifier(self._table),
                        column=column,
                        expr=expr,
                        fallbacks=fallbacks
                    )
                columns.append(column)
                assignments.append(SQL("%s = %s", column, expr))

            self.env.execute_query(SQL(
                """ UPDATE %(table)s
                    SET %(assignments)s
                    FROM (VALUES %(values)s) AS "__tmp"("id", %(columns)s)
                    WHERE %(table)s."id" = "__tmp"."id"
                """,
                table=SQL.identifier(self._table),
                assignments=SQL(", ").join(assignments),
                values=SQL(", ").join(rows),
                columns=SQL(", ").join(columns),
            ))

        # update parent_path
        if parent_records:
            parent_records._parent_store_update()

    @api.model_create_multi
    def create(self, vals_list: list[ValuesType]) -> Self:
        """Create new records for the model.

        The new records are initialized using the values from the list of dicts
        ``vals_list``, and if necessary those from :meth:`~.default_get`.

        :param vals_list:
            values for the model's fields, as a list of dictionaries::

                [{'field_name': field_value, ...}, ...]

            For backward compatibility, ``vals_list`` may be a dictionary.
            It is treated as a singleton list ``[vals]``, and a single record
            is returned.

            see :meth:`~.write` for details

        :return: the created records
        :raise AccessError: if the current user is not allowed to create records of the specified model
        :raise ValidationError: if user tries to enter invalid value for a selection field
        :raise ValueError: if a field name specified in the create values does not exist.
        :raise UserError: if a loop would be created in a hierarchy of objects a result of the operation
          (such as setting an object as its own parent)
        """
        assert isinstance(vals_list, (list, tuple))
        if not vals_list:
            return self.browse()

        self = self.browse()
        self.check_access('create')

        # check access to all user-provided fields
        field_names = OrderedSet(fname for vals in vals_list for fname in vals)
        field_names.update(
            field_name
            for context_key in self.env.context
            if context_key.startswith('default_')
            and (field_name := context_key[8:])
            and field_name in self._fields
        )
        for field_name in field_names:
            field = self._fields.get(field_name)
            if field is None:
                raise ValueError(f"Invalid field {field_name!r} in {self._name!r}")
            self._check_field_access(field, 'write')

        new_vals_list = self._prepare_create_values(vals_list)

        # classify fields for each record
        data_list = []
        determine_inverses = defaultdict(OrderedSet)       # {inverse: fields}

        for vals in new_vals_list:
            precomputed = vals.pop('__precomputed__', ())

            # distribute fields into sets for various purposes
            data = {}
            data['stored'] = stored = {}
            data['inversed'] = inversed = {}
            data['inherited'] = inherited = defaultdict(dict)
            data['protected'] = protected = set()
            for key, val in vals.items():
                field = self._fields.get(key)
                if not field:
                    raise ValueError("Invalid field %r on model %r" % (key, self._name))
                if field.store:
                    stored[key] = val
                if field.inherited:
                    inherited[field.related_field.model_name][key] = val
                elif field.inverse and field not in precomputed:
                    inversed[key] = val
                    determine_inverses[field.inverse].add(field)
                # protect editable computed fields and precomputed fields
                # against (re)computation
                if field.compute and (not field.readonly or field.precompute):
                    protected.update(self.pool.field_computed.get(field, [field]))

            data_list.append(data)

        # create or update parent records
        for model_name, parent_name in self._inherits.items():
            parent_data_list = []
            for data in data_list:
                if not data['stored'].get(parent_name):
                    parent_data_list.append(data)
                elif data['inherited'][model_name]:
                    parent = self.env[model_name].browse(data['stored'][parent_name])
                    parent.write(data['inherited'][model_name])

            if parent_data_list:
                parents = self.env[model_name].create([
                    data['inherited'][model_name]
                    for data in parent_data_list
                ])
                for parent, data in zip(parents, parent_data_list):
                    data['stored'][parent_name] = parent.id

        # create records with stored fields
        records = self._create(data_list)

        # protect fields being written against recomputation
        protected_fields = [(data['protected'], data['record']) for data in data_list]
        with self.env.protecting(protected_fields):
            # call inverse method for each group of fields
            for fields in determine_inverses.values():
                # determine which records to inverse for those fields
                inv_names = {field.name for field in fields}
                inv_rec_ids = []
                for data in data_list:
                    if inv_names.isdisjoint(data['inversed']):
                        continue
                    record = data['record']
                    record._update_cache({
                        fname: value
                        for fname, value in data['inversed'].items()
                        if fname in inv_names and fname not in data['stored']
                    })
                    inv_rec_ids.append(record.id)

                inv_records = self.browse(inv_rec_ids)
                next(iter(fields)).determine_inverse(inv_records)
                # Values of non-stored fields were cached before running inverse methods. In case of x2many create
                # commands, the cache may therefore hold NewId records. We must now invalidate those values.
                inv_relational_fnames = [field.name for field in fields if field.type in ('one2many', 'many2many') and not field.store]
                inv_records.invalidate_recordset(fnames=inv_relational_fnames)

        # check Python constraints for non-stored inversed fields
        for data in data_list:
            data['record']._validate_fields(data['inversed'], data['stored'])

        if self._check_company_auto:
            records._check_company()

        import_module = self.env.context.get('_import_current_module')
        if not import_module: # not an import -> bail
            return records

        # It is to support setting xids directly in create by
        # providing an "id" key (otherwise stripped by create) during an import
        # (which should strip 'id' from the input data anyway)
        noupdate = self.env.context.get('noupdate', False)

        xids = (v.get('id') for v in vals_list)
        self.env['ir.model.data']._update_xmlids([
            {
                'xml_id': xid if '.' in xid else ('%s.%s' % (import_module, xid)),
                'record': rec,
                # note: this is not used when updating o2ms above...
                'noupdate': noupdate,
            }
            for rec, xid in zip(records, xids)
            if xid and isinstance(xid, str)
        ])

        return records

    def _prepare_create_values(self, vals_list: list[ValuesType]) -> list[ValuesType]:
        """ Clean up and complete the given create values, and return a list of
        new vals containing:

        * default values,
        * discarded forbidden values (magic fields),
        * precomputed fields.

        :param vals_list: List of create values
        :returns: new list of completed create values
        """
        bad_names = ['id', 'parent_path']
        if self._log_access:
            # the superuser can set log_access fields while loading registry
            if not (self.env.uid == SUPERUSER_ID and not self.pool.ready):
                bad_names.extend(LOG_ACCESS_COLUMNS)

        # also discard precomputed readonly fields (to force their computation)
        bad_names.extend(
            fname
            for fname, field in self._fields.items()
            if field.precompute and field.readonly
        )

        result_vals_list = []
        for vals in vals_list:
            # add default values
            vals = self._add_missing_default_values(vals)

            # add magic fields
            for fname in bad_names:
                vals.pop(fname, None)
            if self._log_access:
                vals.setdefault('create_uid', self.env.uid)
                vals.setdefault('create_date', self.env.cr.now())
                vals.setdefault('write_uid', self.env.uid)
                vals.setdefault('write_date', self.env.cr.now())

            result_vals_list.append(vals)

        # add precomputed fields
        self._add_precomputed_values(result_vals_list)

        return result_vals_list

    def _add_precomputed_values(self, vals_list: list[ValuesType]) -> None:
        """ Add missing precomputed fields to ``vals_list`` values.
        Only applies for precompute=True fields.
        """
        precomputable = {
            fname: field
            for fname, field in self._fields.items()
            if field.precompute
        }
        if not precomputable:
            return

        # determine which vals must be completed
        vals_list_todo = [
            vals
            for vals in vals_list
            if any(fname not in vals for fname in precomputable)
        ]
        if not vals_list_todo:
            return

        # create new records for the vals that must be completed
        records = self.browse().concat(*(self.new(vals) for vals in vals_list_todo))

        for record, vals in zip(records, vals_list_todo):
            vals['__precomputed__'] = precomputed = set()
            for fname, field in precomputable.items():
                if fname not in vals:
                    # computed stored fields with a column
                    # have to be computed before create
                    # s.t. required and constraints can be applied on those fields.
                    vals[fname] = field.convert_to_write(record[fname], self)
                    precomputed.add(field)

    @api.model
    def _create(self, data_list: list[ValuesType]) -> Self:
        """ Create records from the stored field values in ``data_list``. """
        assert data_list
        cr = self.env.cr

        # insert rows in batches of maximum INSERT_BATCH_SIZE
        ids: list[int] = []                     # ids of created records
        other_fields: OrderedSet[Field] = OrderedSet()  # non-column fields

        for data_sublist in split_every(INSERT_BATCH_SIZE, data_list):
            stored_list = [data['stored'] for data in data_sublist]
            fnames = sorted({name for stored in stored_list for name in stored})

            columns: list[str] = []
            rows: list[list[typing.Any]] = [[] for _ in stored_list]
            for fname in fnames:
                field = self._fields[fname]
                if field.column_type:
                    columns.append(fname)
                    for stored, row in zip(stored_list, rows):
                        if fname in stored:
                            row.append(field.convert_to_column_insert(stored[fname], self, stored))
                        else:
                            row.append(SQL_DEFAULT)
                else:
                    other_fields.add(field)

                if field.type == 'properties':
                    # force calling fields.create for properties field because
                    # we might want to update the parent definition
                    other_fields.add(field)

            if not columns:
                # manage the case where we create empty records
                columns = ['id']
                for row in rows:
                    row.append(SQL_DEFAULT)

            cr.execute(SQL(
                'INSERT INTO %s (%s) VALUES %s RETURNING "id"',
                SQL.identifier(self._table),
                SQL(', ').join(map(SQL.identifier, columns)),
                SQL(', ').join(tuple(row) for row in rows),
            ))
            ids.extend(id_ for id_, in cr.fetchall())

        # put the new records in cache, and update inverse fields, for many2one
        # (using bin_size=False to put binary values in the right place)
        records = self.browse(ids)
        inverses_update = defaultdict(list)     # {(field, value): ids}
        common_set_vals = set(LOG_ACCESS_COLUMNS + ['id', 'parent_path'])
        for data, record in zip(data_list, records.with_context(bin_size=False)):
            data['record'] = record
            # DLE P104: test_inherit.py, test_50_search_one2many
            vals = dict({k: v for d in data['inherited'].values() for k, v in d.items()}, **data['stored'])
            set_vals = common_set_vals.union(vals)

            # put None in cache for all fields that are not part of the INSERT
            for field in self._fields.values():
                if not field.store:
                    continue
                if field.type in ('one2many', 'many2many'):
                    field._update_cache(record, ())
                elif field.name not in set_vals:
                    field._update_cache(record, None)

            for fname, value in vals.items():
                field = self._fields[fname]
                if field.type not in ('one2many', 'many2many', 'html'):
                    cache_value = field.convert_to_cache(value, record)
                    field._update_cache(record, cache_value)
                    if field.type in ('many2one', 'many2one_reference') and self.pool.field_inverses[field]:
                        inverses_update[(field, cache_value)].append(record.id)

        for (field, value), record_ids in inverses_update.items():
            field._update_inverses(self.browse(record_ids), value)

        # update parent_path
        records._parent_store_create()

        # protect fields being written against recomputation
        protected = [(data['protected'], data['record']) for data in data_list]
        with self.env.protecting(protected):
            # mark computed fields as todo
            records.modified(self._fields, create=True)

            if other_fields:
                # discard default values from context for other fields
                others = records.with_context(clean_context(self.env.context))
                for field in sorted(other_fields, key=attrgetter('_sequence')):
                    field.create([
                        (other, data['stored'][field.name])
                        for other, data in zip(others, data_list)
                        if field.name in data['stored']
                    ])

                # mark fields to recompute
                records.modified([field.name for field in other_fields], create=True)

        # check Python constraints for stored fields
        records._validate_fields(name for data in data_list for name in data['stored'])
        records.check_access('create')
        return records

    def _compute_field_value(self, field: Field) -> None:
        determine(field.compute, self)

        if field.store and any(self._ids):
            # check constraints of the fields that have been computed
            fnames = [f.name for f in self.pool.field_computed[field]]
            self.filtered('id')._validate_fields(fnames)

    def _parent_store_create(self) -> None:
        """ Set the parent_path field on ``self`` after its creation. """
        if not self._parent_store:
            return

        updated = self.env.execute_query(SQL(
            """ UPDATE %(table)s node
                SET parent_path=concat((
                        SELECT parent.parent_path
                        FROM %(table)s parent
                        WHERE parent.id=node.%(parent)s
                    ), node.id, '/')
                WHERE node.id IN %(ids)s
                RETURNING node.id, node.parent_path """,
            table=SQL.identifier(self._table),
            parent=SQL.identifier(self._parent_name),
            ids=tuple(self.ids),
        ))

        # update the cache of updated nodes, and determine what to recompute
        field = self._fields['parent_path']
        for id_, path in updated:
            field._update_cache(self.browse(id_), path)

    def _parent_store_update_prepare(self, vals_list: list[ValuesType]) -> Self:
        """ Return the records in ``self`` that must update their parent_path
            field. This must be called before updating the parent field.
        """
        if not self._parent_store:
            return self.browse()

        # associate each new parent_id to its corresponding record ids
        parent_to_ids = defaultdict(list)
        for id_, vals in zip(self._ids, vals_list):
            if self._parent_name in vals:
                parent_to_ids[vals[self._parent_name]].append(id_)

        if not parent_to_ids:
            return self.browse()

        self.flush_recordset([self._parent_name])

        # return the records for which the parent field will change
        sql_parent = SQL.identifier(self._parent_name)
        conditions = []
        for parent_id, ids in parent_to_ids.items():
            if parent_id:
                condition = SQL('(%s != %s OR %s IS NULL)', sql_parent, parent_id, sql_parent)
            else:
                condition = SQL('%s IS NOT NULL', sql_parent)
            conditions.append(SQL('("id" IN %s AND %s)', tuple(ids), condition))

        rows = self.env.execute_query(SQL(
            "SELECT id FROM %s WHERE %s ORDER BY id",
            SQL.identifier(self._table),
            SQL(" OR ").join(conditions),
        ))
        return self.browse(row[0] for row in rows)

    def _parent_store_update(self) -> None:
        """ Update the parent_path field of ``self``. """
        for parent, records in self.grouped(self._parent_name).items():
            # determine new prefix of parent_path of records
            prefix = parent.parent_path or ""

            # check for recursion
            if prefix:
                parent_ids = {int(label) for label in prefix.split('/')[:-1]}
                if not parent_ids.isdisjoint(records._ids):
                    raise UserError(_("Recursion Detected."))

            # update parent_path of all records and their descendants
            updated = dict(self.env.execute_query(SQL(
                """ UPDATE %(table)s child
                    SET parent_path = concat(%(prefix)s, substr(child.parent_path,
                            length(node.parent_path) - length(node.id || '/') + 1))
                    FROM %(table)s node
                    WHERE node.id IN %(ids)s
                    AND child.parent_path LIKE concat(node.parent_path, %(wildcard)s)
                    RETURNING child.id, child.parent_path """,
                table=SQL.identifier(self._table),
                prefix=prefix,
                ids=tuple(records.ids),
                wildcard='%',
            )))

            # update the cache of updated nodes, and determine what to recompute
            field = self._fields['parent_path']
            for id_, path in updated.items():
                field._update_cache(self.browse(id_), path)
            records = self.browse(updated)
            records.modified(['parent_path'])

    def _clean_properties(self) -> None:
        """ Remove all properties of ``self`` that are no longer in the related definition """
        for fname, field in self._fields.items():
            if field.type != 'properties':
                continue
            for record in self:
                old_value = record[fname]._values
                if not old_value:
                    continue

                definitions = field._get_properties_definition(record)
                all_names = {definition['name'] for definition in definitions}
                new_values = {name: value for name, value in old_value.items() if name in all_names}
                if len(new_values) != len(old_value):
                    record[fname] = new_values

    def _validate_properties_definition(self, properties_definition, field):
        """Allow to validate additional properties attributes."""

    def _additional_allowed_keys_properties_definition(self):
        """Allow to add more allowed key for properties."""
        return ()

    def _convert_to_cache_properties_definition(self, value):
        """Allow to patch `convert_to_cache` of the properties definition."""
        return value

    def _convert_to_column_properties_definition(self, value):
        """Allow to patch `convert_to_column` of the properties definition."""
        return value

    def _load_records_write(self, values):
        self.ensure_one()
        to_write = {}  # Deferred the write to avoid using the old definition if it changed
        for fname in list(values):
            if fname not in self._fields or self._fields[fname].type != 'properties':
                continue
            field_converter = self._fields[fname].convert_to_cache
            to_write[fname] = dict(self[fname]._values or {}, **field_converter(values.pop(fname), self, validate=False))

        self.write(values)
        if to_write:
            self.write(to_write)
            # Because we don't know which properties was linked to which definition,
            # we can know clean properties (note that it is not mandatory, we can wait
            # that client change the record in a Form view)
            self._clean_properties()

    def _load_records_create(self, vals_list):
        records = self.create(vals_list)
        if any(field.type == 'properties' for field in self._fields.values()):
            records._clean_properties()
        return records

    def _load_records(self, data_list, update=False):
        """ Create or update records of this model, and assign XMLIDs.

            :param data_list: list of dicts with keys `xml_id` (XMLID to
                assign), `noupdate` (flag on XMLID), `values` (field values)
            :param update: should be ``True`` when upgrading a module

            :return: the records corresponding to ``data_list``
        """
        original_self = self.browse()

        imd = self.env['ir.model.data'].sudo()

        # The algorithm below partitions 'data_list' into three sets: the ones
        # to create, the ones to update, and the others. For each set, we assign
        # data['record'] for each data. All those records are then retrieved for
        # the result.

        # determine existing xml_ids
        xml_ids = [data['xml_id'] for data in data_list if data.get('xml_id')]
        existing = {
            ("%s.%s" % row[1:3]): row
            for row in imd._lookup_xmlids(xml_ids, self)
        }

        # determine which records to create and update
        to_create = []                  # list of data
        to_update = []                  # list of data
        imd_data_list = []              # list of data for _update_xmlids()

        for data in data_list:
            xml_id = data.get('xml_id')
            if not xml_id:
                vals = data['values']
                if vals.get('id'):
                    data['record'] = self.browse(vals['id'])
                    to_update.append(data)
                elif not update:
                    to_create.append(data)
                else:
                    raise ValidationError(_("Cannot update a record without specifying its id or xml_id"))
                continue
            row = existing.get(xml_id)
            if not row:
                to_create.append(data)
                continue
            d_id, d_module, d_name, d_model, d_res_id, d_noupdate, r_id = row
            if self._name != d_model:
                raise ValidationError(  # pylint: disable=missing-gettext
                    f"For external id {xml_id} "
                    f"when trying to create/update a record of model {self._name} "
                    f"found record of different model {d_model} ({d_id})"
                )
            record = self.browse(d_res_id)
            if r_id:
                data['record'] = record
                imd_data_list.append(data)
                if not (update and d_noupdate):
                    to_update.append(data)
            else:
                imd.browse(d_id).unlink()
                to_create.append(data)

        # update existing records
        for data in to_update:
            data['record']._load_records_write(data['values'])

        # check for records to create with an XMLID from another module
        module = self.env.context.get('install_module')
        if module:
            prefix = module + "."
            for data in to_create:
                if data.get('xml_id') and not data['xml_id'].startswith(prefix) and not self.env.context.get('foreign_record_to_create'):
                    _logger.warning("Creating record %s in module %s.", data['xml_id'], module)

        if self.env.context.get('import_file'):
            existing_modules = self.env['ir.module.module'].sudo().search([]).mapped('name')
            for data in to_create:
                xml_id = data.get('xml_id')
                if xml_id and not data.get('noupdate'):
                    module_name, sep, record_id = xml_id.partition('.')
                    if sep and module_name in existing_modules:
                        raise UserError(
                            _("The record %(xml_id)s has the module prefix %(module_name)s. This is the part before the '.' in the external id. Because the prefix refers to an existing module, the record would be deleted when the module is upgraded. Use either no prefix and no dot or a prefix that isn't an existing module. For example, __import__, resulting in the external id __import__.%(record_id)s.",
                              xml_id=xml_id, module_name=module_name, record_id=record_id))

        # create records
        if to_create:
            records = self._load_records_create([data['values'] for data in to_create])
            for data, record in zip(to_create, records):
                data['record'] = record
                if data.get('xml_id'):
                    # add XML ids for parent records that have just been created
                    for parent_model, parent_field in self._inherits.items():
                        if not data['values'].get(parent_field):
                            imd_data_list.append({
                                'xml_id': f"{data['xml_id']}_{parent_model.replace('.', '_')}",
                                'record': record[parent_field],
                                'noupdate': data.get('noupdate', False),
                            })
                    imd_data_list.append(data)

        # create or update XMLIDs
        imd._update_xmlids(imd_data_list, update)

        return original_self.concat(*(data['record'] for data in data_list))

    def _check_qorder(self, word: str) -> None:
        if not regex_order.match(word):
            raise UserError(_(
                "Invalid \"order\" specified (%s)."
                " A valid \"order\" specification is a comma-separated list of valid field names"
                " (optionally followed by asc/desc for the direction)",
                word,
            ))

    def _order_to_sql(self, order: str, query: Query, alias: (str | None) = None,
                      reverse: bool = False) -> SQL:
        """ Return an :class:`SQL` object that represents the given ORDER BY
        clause, without the ORDER BY keyword.  The method also checks whether
        the fields in the order are accessible for reading.
        """
        order = order or self._order
        if not order:
            return SQL()
        self._check_qorder(order)

        alias = alias or self._table

        terms = []
        for order_part in order.split(','):
            order_match = regex_order.match(order_part)
            assert order_match is not None, "No match found"
            field_name = order_match['field']

            direction = (order_match['direction'] or '').upper()
            nulls = (order_match['nulls'] or '').upper()
            if reverse:
                direction = 'ASC' if direction == 'DESC' else 'DESC'
                if nulls:
                    nulls = 'NULLS LAST' if nulls == 'NULLS FIRST' else 'NULLS FIRST'

            sql_direction = SQL(direction) if direction in ('ASC', 'DESC') else SQL()
            sql_nulls = SQL(nulls) if nulls in ('NULLS FIRST', 'NULLS LAST') else SQL()

            if property_name := order_match['property']:
                # field_name is an expression
                field_name = f"{field_name}.{property_name}"
            term = self._order_field_to_sql(alias, field_name, sql_direction, sql_nulls, query)
            if term:
                terms.append(term)

        return SQL(", ").join(terms)

    def _order_field_to_sql(self, alias: str, field_name: str, direction: SQL,
                            nulls: SQL, query: Query) -> SQL:
        """ Return an :class:`SQL` object that represents the ordering by the
        given field.  The method also checks whether the field is accessible for
        reading.

        :param direction: one of ``SQL("ASC")``, ``SQL("DESC")``, ``SQL()``
        :param nulls: one of ``SQL("NULLS FIRST")``, ``SQL("NULLS LAST")``, ``SQL()``
        """
        # field_name is an expression
        fname, property_name = parse_field_expr(field_name)
        field = self._fields.get(fname)
        if not field:
            raise ValueError(f"Invalid field {fname!r} on model {self._name!r}")

        if field.type == 'many2one':
            seen = self.env.context.get('__m2o_order_seen', ())
            if field in seen:
                return SQL()
            self = self.with_context(__m2o_order_seen=frozenset((field, *seen)))

            # figure out the applicable order_by for the m2o
            # special case: ordering by "x_id.id" doesn't recurse on x_id's comodel
            comodel = self.env[field.comodel_name]
            if property_name == 'id':
                coorder = 'id'
                sql_field = self._field_to_sql(alias, fname, query)
            else:
                coorder = comodel._order
                sql_field = self._field_to_sql(alias, field_name, query)

            if coorder == 'id':
                query._order_groupby.append(sql_field)
                return SQL("%s %s %s", sql_field, direction, nulls)

            # instead of ordering by the field's raw value, use the comodel's
            # order on many2one values
            terms = []
            if nulls.code == 'NULLS FIRST':
                terms.append(SQL("%s IS NOT NULL", sql_field))
            elif nulls.code == 'NULLS LAST':
                terms.append(SQL("%s IS NULL", sql_field))

            # LEFT JOIN the comodel table, in order to include NULL values, too
            _comodel, coalias = field.join(self, alias, query)

            # delegate the order to the comodel
            reverse = direction.code == 'DESC'
            term = comodel._order_to_sql(coorder, query, alias=coalias, reverse=reverse)
            if term:
                terms.append(term)
            return SQL(", ").join(terms)

        sql_field = self._field_to_sql(alias, field_name, query)
        if field.type == 'boolean':
            sql_field = SQL("COALESCE(%s, FALSE)", sql_field)

        query._order_groupby.append(sql_field)

        return SQL("%s %s %s", sql_field, direction, nulls)

    @api.model
    def _search(
        self,
        domain: DomainType,
        offset: int = 0,
        limit: int | None = None,
        order: str | None = None,
        *,
        active_test: bool = True,
        bypass_access: bool = False,
    ) -> Query:
        """
        Private implementation of search() method.

        No default order is applied when the method is invoked without parameter ``order``.

        :return: a :class:`Query` object that represents the matching records

        This method may be overridden to modify the domain being searched, or to
        do some post-filtering of the resulting query object. Be careful with
        the latter option, though, as it might hurt performance. Indeed, by
        default the returned query object is not actually executed, and it can
        be injected as a value in a domain in order to generate sub-queries.

        The `active_test` flag specifies whether to filter only active records.
        The `bypass_access` controls whether or not permissions should be
        checked on the model and record rules should be applied.
        """
        check_access = not (self.env.su or bypass_access)
        if check_access:
            self.browse().check_access('read')

        domain = Domain(domain)
        # inactive records unless they were explicitly asked for
        if (
            self._active_name
            and active_test
            and self.env.context.get('active_test', True)
            and not any(leaf.field_expr == self._active_name for leaf in domain.iter_conditions())
        ):
            domain &= Domain(self._active_name, '=', True)

        # build the query
        domain = domain.optimize_full(self)
        if domain.is_false():
            return self.browse()._as_query()
        query = Query(self.env, self._table, self._table_sql)
        if not domain.is_true():
            query.add_where(domain._to_sql(self, self._table, query))

        # security access domain
        if check_access:
            self_sudo = self.sudo().with_context(active_test=False)
            sec_domain = self.env['ir.rule']._compute_domain(self._name, 'read')
            sec_domain = sec_domain.optimize_full(self_sudo)
            if sec_domain.is_false():
                return self.browse()._as_query()
            if not sec_domain.is_true():
                query.add_where(sec_domain._to_sql(self_sudo, self._table, query))

        # add order and limits
        if order:
            query.order = self._order_to_sql(order, query)

        # In RPC, None is not available; False is used instead to mean "no limit"
        # Note: True is kept for backward-compatibility (treated as 1)
        if limit is not None and limit is not False:
            query.limit = limit
        if offset is not None:
            query.offset = offset

        return query

    def _as_query(self, ordered: bool = True) -> Query:
        """ Return a :class:`Query` that corresponds to the recordset ``self``.
        This method is convenient for making a query object with a known result.

        :param ordered: whether the recordset order must be enforced by the query
        """
        query = Query(self.env, self._table, self._table_sql)
        query.set_result_ids(self._ids, ordered)
        return query

    def copy_data(self, default: ValuesType | None = None) -> list[ValuesType]:
        """
        Copy given record's data with all its fields values

        :param default: field values to override in the original values of the copied record
        :return: list of dictionaries containing all the field values
        """
        vals_list = []
        default = dict(default or {})
        # avoid recursion through already copied records in case of circular relationship
        if '__copy_data_seen' not in self.env.context:
            self = self.with_context(__copy_data_seen=defaultdict(set))

        # build a black list of fields that should not be copied
        blacklist = set(MAGIC_COLUMNS + ['parent_path'])
        whitelist = set(name for name, field in self._fields.items() if not field.inherited)

        def blacklist_given_fields(model):
            # blacklist the fields that are given by inheritance
            for parent_model, parent_field in model._inherits.items():
                blacklist.add(parent_field)
                if parent_field in default:
                    # all the fields of 'parent_model' are given by the record:
                    # default[parent_field], except the ones redefined in self
                    blacklist.update(set(self.env[parent_model]._fields) - whitelist)
                else:
                    blacklist_given_fields(self.env[parent_model])

        blacklist_given_fields(self)

        fields_to_copy = {name: field
                          for name, field in self._fields.items()
                          if field.copy and name not in default and name not in blacklist}

        for record in self:
            seen_map = self.env.context['__copy_data_seen']
            if record.id in seen_map[record._name]:
                vals_list.append(None)
                continue
            seen_map[record._name].add(record.id)

            vals = default.copy()

            for name, field in fields_to_copy.items():
                if field.type == 'one2many':
                    # duplicate following the order of the ids because we'll rely on
                    # it later for copying translations in copy_translation()!
                    lines = record[name].sorted(key='id').copy_data()
                    # the lines are duplicated using the wrong (old) parent, but then are
                    # reassigned to the correct one thanks to the (Command.CREATE, 0, ...)
                    vals[name] = [Command.create(line) for line in lines if line]
                elif field.type == 'many2many':
                    # copy only links that we can read, otherwise the write will fail
                    vals[name] = [Command.set(record[name]._filtered_access('read').ids)]
                else:
                    vals[name] = field.convert_to_write(record[name], record)
            vals_list.append(vals)
        return vals_list

    def copy_translations(self, new: Self, excluded: Collection[str] = ()) -> None:
        """ Recursively copy the translations from original to new record

        :param self: the original record
        :param new: the new record (copy of the original one)
        :param excluded: a container of user-provided field names
        """
        old = self
        # avoid recursion through already copied records in case of circular relationship
        if '__copy_translations_seen' not in old.env.context:
            old = old.with_context(__copy_translations_seen=defaultdict(set))
        seen_map = old.env.context['__copy_translations_seen']
        if old.id in seen_map[old._name]:
            return
        seen_map[old._name].add(old.id)
        valid_langs = set(code for code, _ in self.env['res.lang'].get_installed()) | {'en_US'}

        for name, field in old._fields.items():
            if not field.copy:
                continue

            if field.inherited and field.related.split('.')[0] in excluded:
                # inherited fields that come from a user-provided parent record
                # must not copy translations, as the parent record is not a copy
                # of the old parent record
                continue

            if field.type == 'one2many' and field.name not in excluded:
                # we must recursively copy the translations for o2m; here we
                # rely on the order of the ids to match the translations as
                # foreseen in copy_data()
                old_lines = old[name].sorted(key='id')
                new_lines = new[name].sorted(key='id')
                for (old_line, new_line) in zip(old_lines, new_lines):
                    # don't pass excluded as it is not about those lines
                    old_line.copy_translations(new_line)

            elif field.translate and field.store and name not in excluded and old[name]:
                # for translatable fields we copy their translations
                old_stored_translations = field._get_stored_translations(old)
                if not old_stored_translations:
                    continue
                lang = self.env.lang or 'en_US'
                if field.translate is True:
                    new.update_field_translations(name, {
                        k: v for k, v in old_stored_translations.items() if k in valid_langs and k != lang
                    })
                else:
                    old_translations = {
                        k: old_stored_translations.get(f'_{k}', v)
                        for k, v in old_stored_translations.items()
                        if k in valid_langs
                    }
                    # {from_lang_term: {lang: to_lang_term}
                    translation_dictionary = field.get_translation_dictionary(
                        old_translations.pop(lang, old_translations['en_US']),
                        old_translations
                    )
                    # {lang: {old_term: new_term}}
                    translations = defaultdict(dict)
                    for from_lang_term, to_lang_terms in translation_dictionary.items():
                        for lang, to_lang_term in to_lang_terms.items():
                            translations[lang][from_lang_term] = to_lang_term
                    new.update_field_translations(name, translations)

    def copy(self, default: ValuesType | None = None) -> Self:
        """ Duplicate record ``self`` updating it with default values.

        :param default: dictionary of field values to override in the
               original values of the copied record, e.g: ``{'field_name': overridden_value, ...}``
        :returns: new records

        """
        vals_list = self.with_context(active_test=False).copy_data(default)
        new_records = self.create(vals_list)
        for old_record, new_record in zip(self, new_records):
            old_record.copy_translations(new_record, excluded=default or ())
        return new_records

    @api.private
    def exists(self) -> Self:
        """ The subset of records in ``self`` that exist.
        It can be used as a test on records::

            if record.exists():
                ...

        By convention, new records are returned as existing.
        """
        new_ids, ids = partition(lambda i: isinstance(i, NewId), self._ids)
        if not ids:
            return self
        query = Query(self.env, self._table, self._table_sql)
        query.add_where(SQL("%s IN %s", SQL.identifier(self._table, 'id'), tuple(ids)))
        real_ids = (id_ for [id_] in self.env.execute_query(query.select()))
        valid_ids = {*real_ids, *new_ids}
        return self.browse(i for i in self._ids if i in valid_ids)

    @api.private
    def lock_for_update(self, *, allow_referencing: bool = False) -> None:
        """ Grab an exclusive write-lock to the rows with the given ids.

        This avoids blocking processing on the records due to concurrent
        modifications. If all records couldn't be locked, a `LockError`
        exception is raised.

        :param allow_referencing: Acquire a row lock which allows for other
            transactions to reference this record. Use only when modifying
            values that are not identifiers.
        :raises: ``LockError`` when some records could not be locked
        """
        ids = {id_ for id_ in self._ids if id_}
        if not ids:
            return
        query = Query(self.env, self._table, self._table_sql)
        query.add_where(SQL("%s IN %s", SQL.identifier(self._table, 'id'), tuple(ids)))
        # Use SKIP LOCKED instead of NOWAIT because the later aborts the
        # transaction and we do not want to use SAVEPOINTS.
        if allow_referencing:
            lock_sql = SQL("FOR NO KEY UPDATE SKIP LOCKED")
        else:
            lock_sql = SQL("FOR UPDATE SKIP LOCKED")
        rows = self.env.execute_query(SQL("%s %s", query.select(), lock_sql))
        if len(rows) != len(ids):
            raise LockError(self.env._("Cannot grab a lock on records"))

    @api.private
    def try_lock_for_update(self, *, allow_referencing: bool = False, limit: int | None = None) -> Self:
        """ Grab an exclusive write-lock on some rows with the given ids.

        Skip locked records and browse the records that could be locked.

        :param allow_referencing: Acquire a row lock which allows for other
            transactions to reference this record. Use only when modifying
            values that are not identifiers.
        :param limit: The maximum number of rows to lock
        :return: The recordset of locked records
        """
        new_ids, ids = partition(lambda i: isinstance(i, NewId), self._ids)
        if limit is not None:
            if len(new_ids) >= limit:
                return self.browse(new_ids[:limit])
            # keep the order of ids when trying to lock
            query = self.browse(ids)._as_query(ordered=True)
            query.limit = limit - len(new_ids)
        else:
            query = Query(self.env, self._table, self._table_sql)
            query.add_where(SQL("%s IN %s", SQL.identifier(self._table, 'id'), tuple(ids)))
        if not ids:
            return self
        if allow_referencing:
            lock_sql = SQL("FOR NO KEY UPDATE SKIP LOCKED")
        else:
            lock_sql = SQL("FOR UPDATE SKIP LOCKED")
        sql = SQL("%s %s", query.select(), lock_sql)
        real_ids = (id_ for [id_] in self.env.execute_query(sql))
        valid_ids = {*real_ids, *new_ids}
        return self.browse(i for i in self._ids if i in valid_ids)

    def _has_cycle(self, field_name=None) -> bool:
        """
        Return whether the records in ``self`` are in a loop by following the
        given relationship of the field.
        By default the **parent** field is used as the relationship.

        Note that since the method does not use EXCLUSIVE LOCK for the sake of
        performance, loops may still be created by concurrent transactions.

        :param field_name: optional field name (default: ``self._parent_name``)
        :return: **True** if a loop was found, **False** otherwise.
        """
        if not field_name:
            field_name = self._parent_name

        field = self._fields.get(field_name)
        if not field:
            raise ValueError(f'Invalid field_name: {field_name!r}')

        if not (
            field.type in ('many2many', 'many2one')
            and field.comodel_name == self._name
            and field.store
        ):
            raise ValueError(f'Field must be a many2one or many2many relation on itself: {field_name!r}')

        if not self.ids:
            return False

        # must ignore 'active' flag, ir.rules, etc.
        # direct recursive SQL query with cycle detection for performance
        self.flush_model([field_name])
        if field.type == 'many2many':
            relation = field.relation
            column1 = field.column1
            column2 = field.column2
        else:
            relation = self._table
            column1 = 'id'
            column2 = field_name
        cr = self.env.cr
        cr.execute(SQL(
            """
            WITH RECURSIVE __reachability AS (
                SELECT %(col1)s AS source, %(col2)s AS destination
                FROM %(rel)s
                WHERE %(col1)s IN %(ids)s AND %(col2)s IS NOT NULL
            UNION
                SELECT r.source, t.%(col2)s
                FROM __reachability r
                JOIN %(rel)s t ON r.destination = t.%(col1)s AND t.%(col2)s IS NOT NULL
            )
            SELECT 1 FROM __reachability
            WHERE source = destination
            LIMIT 1
            """,
            ids=tuple(self.ids),
            rel=SQL.identifier(relation),
            col1=SQL.identifier(column1),
            col2=SQL.identifier(column2),
        ))
        return bool(cr.fetchone())

    @api.deprecated("Deprecated since 18.0, use _has_cycle() instead")
    def _check_recursion(self, parent=None):
        return not self._has_cycle(parent)

    @api.deprecated("Deprecated since 18.0, use _has_cycle() instead")
    def _check_m2m_recursion(self, field_name):
        return not self._has_cycle(field_name)

    def _get_external_ids(self) -> dict[IdType, list[str]]:
        """Retrieve the External ID(s) of any database record.

        **Synopsis**: ``_get_external_ids() -> { 'id': ['module.external_id'] }``

        :return: map of ids to the list of their fully qualified External IDs
                 in the form ``module.key``, or an empty list when there's no External
                 ID for a record, e.g.::

                     { 'id': ['module.ext_id', 'module.ext_id_bis'],
                       'id2': [] }
        """
        result = defaultdict(list)
        domain: DomainType = [('model', '=', self._name), ('res_id', 'in', self.ids)]
        for data in self.env['ir.model.data'].sudo().search_read(domain, ['module', 'name', 'res_id'], order='id'):
            result[data['res_id']].append('%(module)s.%(name)s' % data)
        return {
            record.id: result[record._origin.id]
            for record in self
        }

    def get_external_id(self) -> dict[IdType, str]:
        """Retrieve the External ID of any database record, if there
        is one. This method works as a possible implementation
        for a function field, to be able to add it to any
        model object easily, referencing it as ``Model.get_external_id``.

        When multiple External IDs exist for a record, only one
        of them is returned (randomly).

        :return: map of ids to their fully qualified XML ID,
                 defaulting to an empty string when there's none
                 (to be usable as a function field),
                 e.g.::

                     { 'id': 'module.ext_id',
                       'id2': '' }
        """
        results = self._get_external_ids()
        return {key: val[0] if val else ''
                for key, val in results.items()}

    @classmethod
    def is_transient(cls) -> bool:
        """ Return whether the model is transient.

        See :class:`TransientModel`.

        """
        return cls._transient

    @api.model
    @api.readonly
    def search_read(
        self,
        domain: DomainType | None = None,
        fields: Sequence[str] | None = None,
        offset: int = 0,
        limit: int | None = None,
        order: str | None = None,
        **read_kwargs,
    ) -> list[ValuesType]:
        """ Perform a :meth:`search_fetch` followed by a :meth:`_read_format`.

        :param domain: Search domain, see ``args`` parameter in :meth:`search`.
            Defaults to an empty domain that will match all records.
        :param fields: List of fields to read, see ``fields`` parameter in :meth:`read`.
            Defaults to all fields.
        :param offset: Number of records to skip, see ``offset`` parameter in :meth:`search`.
            Defaults to 0.
        :param limit: Maximum number of records to return, see ``limit`` parameter in :meth:`search`.
            Defaults to no limit.
        :param order: Columns to sort result, see ``order`` parameter in :meth:`search`.
            Defaults to no sort.
        :param read_kwargs: All read keywords arguments used to call
            ``read(..., **read_kwargs)`` method e.g. you can use
            ``search_read(..., load='')`` in order to avoid computing display_name
        :return: List of dictionaries containing the asked fields.
        """
        if not fields:
            fields = list(self.fields_get(attributes=()))
        records = self.search_fetch(domain or [], fields, offset=offset, limit=limit, order=order)

        # Method _read_format() ignores 'active_test', but it would forward it
        # to any downstream search call(e.g. for x2m or computed fields), and
        # this is not the desired behavior. The flag was presumably only meant
        # for the main search().
        if 'active_test' in self.env.context:
            context = dict(self.env.context)
            del context['active_test']
            records = records.with_context(context)

        return records._read_format(fnames=fields, **read_kwargs)

    @api.deprecated("Deprecated since 19.0, use action_archive or action_unarchive")
    def toggle_active(self):
        "Inverses the value of :attr:`active` on the records in ``self``."
        assert self._active_name, f"No 'active' field on model {self._name}"
        active_recs = self.filtered(self._active_name)
        active_recs.action_archive()
        (self - active_recs).action_unarchive()

    def action_archive(self):
        """Set :attr:`active` to ``False`` on a recordset for active records.

        Note, you probably want to override `write()` method if you want to take
        action once the active field changes.
        """
        field_name = self._active_name
        assert field_name, f"No 'active' field on model {self._name}"
        active_recs = self.filtered(lambda record: record[field_name])
        active_recs[field_name] = False

    def action_unarchive(self):
        """Set :attr:`active` to ``True`` on a recordset for inactive records.

        Note, you probably want to override `write()` method if you want to take
        action once the active field changes.
        """
        field_name = self._active_name
        assert field_name, f"No 'active' field on model {self._name}"
        inactive_recs = self.filtered(lambda record: not record[field_name])
        inactive_recs[field_name] = True

    def _register_hook(self) -> None:
        """ stuff to do right after the registry is built """

    def _unregister_hook(self) -> None:
        """ Clean up what `~._register_hook` has done. """

    def _get_redirect_suggested_company(self) -> BaseModel | typing.Literal[False]:
        """Return the suggested company to be set on the context
        in case of a URL redirection to the record. To avoid multi
        company issues when clicking on a shared link, this
        could be called to try setting the most suited company on
        the allowed_company_ids in the context. This method can be
        overridden, for example on the hr.leave model, where the
        most suited company is the company of the leave type, as
        specified by the ir.rule.
        """
        if 'company_id' in self:
            return self.company_id
        elif 'company_ids' in self:
            return (self.company_ids & self.env.user.company_ids)[:1]
        return False

    def _can_return_content(
            self, field_name: str | None = None, access_token: str | None = None
    ) -> bool:
        """Determine whether one can export a file or an image from a field of
        record ``self``, even if ``self`` is not accessible to the current user.
        If so, the record will be ``sudo()``-ed to access the corresponding file
        or image.

        :param field_name: image field name to check the access to
        :param access_token: access token to use instead of the
            access rights and access rules
        :return: whether the extra access is allowed
        """
        self.ensure_one()
        return False

    #
    # Instance creation
    #
    # An instance represents an ordered collection of records in a given
    # execution environment. The instance object refers to the environment, and
    # the records themselves are represented by their cache dictionary. The 'id'
    # of each record is found in its corresponding cache dictionary.
    #
    # This design has the following advantages:
    #  - cache access is direct and thus fast;
    #  - one can consider records without an 'id' (see new records);
    #  - the global cache is only an index to "resolve" a record 'id'.
    #

    def __init__(self, env: Environment, ids: tuple[IdType, ...], prefetch_ids: Reversible[IdType]):
        """ Create a recordset instance.

        :param env: an environment
        :param ids: a tuple of record ids
        :param prefetch_ids: a reversible iterable of record ids (for prefetching)
        """
        self.env = env
        self._ids = ids
        self._prefetch_ids = prefetch_ids

    @api.private
    def browse(self, ids: int | typing.Iterable[IdType] = ()) -> Self:
        """Return a recordset for the ids provided as parameter in the current
        environment.

        .. code-block:: python

            self.browse([7, 18, 12])
            res.partner(7, 18, 12)
        """
        if not ids:
            ids = ()
        elif ids.__class__ is int:
            ids = (ids,)
        else:
            ids = tuple(ids)
        return self.__class__(self.env, ids, ids)

    #
    # Internal properties, for manipulating the instance's implementation
    #

    @property
    def ids(self) -> list[int]:
        """ Return the list of actual record ids corresponding to ``self``. """
        if all(self._ids):
            return list(self._ids)  # already real records
        return list(OriginIds(self._ids))

    @property
    @api.deprecated("Deprecated since 19.0, use self.env.cr directly")
    def _cr(self):
        return self.env.cr

    @property
    @api.deprecated("Deprecated since 19.0, use self.env.uid directly")
    def _uid(self):
        return self.env.uid

    @property
    @api.deprecated("Deprecated since 19.0, use self.env.context directly")
    def _context(self):
        return self.env.context

    #
    # Conversion methods
    #

    @api.private
    def ensure_one(self) -> Self:
        """Verify that the current recordset holds a single record.

        :raise odoo.exceptions.ValueError: ``len(self) != 1``
        """
        try:
            # unpack to ensure there is only one value is faster than len when true and
            # has a significant impact as this check is largely called
            _id, = self._ids
            return self
        except ValueError:
            raise ValueError("Expected singleton: %s" % self)

    @api.private
    def with_env(self, env: Environment) -> Self:
        """Return a new version of this recordset attached to the provided environment.

        .. note::
            The returned recordset has the same prefetch object as ``self``.
        """
        return self.__class__(env, self._ids, self._prefetch_ids)

    @api.private
    def sudo(self, flag: bool = True) -> Self:
        """ Return a new version of this recordset with superuser mode enabled or
        disabled, depending on `flag`. The superuser mode does not change the
        current user, and simply bypasses access rights checks.

        .. warning::

            Using ``sudo`` could cause data access to cross the
            boundaries of record rules, possibly mixing records that
            are meant to be isolated (e.g. records from different
            companies in multi-company environments).

            It may lead to un-intuitive results in methods which select one
            record among many - for example getting the default company, or
            selecting a Bill of Materials.

        .. note::

            The returned recordset has the same prefetch object as ``self``.

        """
        assert isinstance(flag, bool)
        if flag == self.env.su:
            return self
        return self.with_env(self.env(su=flag))

    @api.private
    def with_user(self, user: BaseModel | IdType) -> Self:
        """ Return a new version of this recordset attached to the given user, in
        non-superuser mode, unless `user` is the superuser (by convention, the
        superuser is always in superuser mode.)
        """
        if not user:
            return self
        return self.with_env(self.env(user=user, su=False))

    @api.private
    def with_company(self, company: BaseModel | IdType) -> Self:
        """ Return a new version of this recordset with a modified context, such that::

            result.env.company = company
            result.env.companies = self.env.companies | company

        .. warning::

            When using an unauthorized company for current user,
            accessing the company(ies) on the environment may trigger
            an AccessError if not done in a sudoed environment.
        """
        if not company:
            # With company = None/False/0/[]/empty recordset: keep current environment
            return self

        company_id = int(company)
        allowed_company_ids = self.env.context.get('allowed_company_ids') or []
        if allowed_company_ids and company_id == allowed_company_ids[0]:
            return self
        # Copy the allowed_company_ids list
        # to avoid modifying the context of the current environment.
        allowed_company_ids = list(allowed_company_ids)
        if company_id in allowed_company_ids:
            allowed_company_ids.remove(company_id)
        allowed_company_ids.insert(0, company_id)

        return self.with_context(allowed_company_ids=allowed_company_ids)

    @api.private
    def with_context(self, ctx: dict[str, typing.Any] | None = None, /, **overrides) -> Self:
        """ Return a new version of this recordset attached to an extended
        context.

        The extended context is either the provided ``context`` in which
        ``overrides`` are merged or the *current* context in which
        ``overrides`` are merged e.g.::

            # current context is {'key1': True}
            r2 = records.with_context({}, key2=True)
            # -> r2.env.context is {'key2': True}
            r2 = records.with_context(key2=True)
            # -> r2.env.context is {'key1': True, 'key2': True}

        .. note:

            The returned recordset has the same prefetch object as ``self``.
        """  # noqa: RST210
        context = dict(ctx if ctx is not None else self.env.context, **overrides)
        if 'force_company' in context:
            warnings.warn(
                "Since 19.0, context key 'force_company' is no longer supported. "
                "Use with_company(company) instead.",
                DeprecationWarning,
            )
        if 'company' in context:
            warnings.warn(
                "Context key 'company' is not recommended, because "
                "of its special meaning in @depends_context.",
            )
        if 'allowed_company_ids' not in context and 'allowed_company_ids' in self.env.context:
            # Force 'allowed_company_ids' to be kept when context is overridden
            # without 'allowed_company_ids'
            context['allowed_company_ids'] = self.env.context['allowed_company_ids']
        return self.with_env(self.env(context=context))

    @api.private
    def with_prefetch(self, prefetch_ids: Reversible[IdType] | None = None) -> Self:
        """ Return a new version of this recordset that uses the given prefetch ids,
        or ``self``'s ids if not given.
        """
        if prefetch_ids is None:
            prefetch_ids = self._ids
        return self.__class__(self.env, self._ids, prefetch_ids)

    def _update_cache(self, values: ValuesType, validate: bool = True) -> None:
        """ Update the cache of ``self`` with ``values``.

            :param values: dict of field values, in any format.
            :param validate: whether values must be checked
        """
        self.ensure_one()
        fields = self._fields
        try:
            field_values = [(fields[name], value) for name, value in values.items() if name != 'id']
        except KeyError as e:
            raise ValueError("Invalid field %r on model %r" % (e.args[0], self._name))

        # convert monetary fields after other columns for correct value rounding
        for field, value in sorted(field_values, key=lambda item: item[0].write_sequence):
            value = field.convert_to_cache(value, self, validate)
            field._update_cache(self, value)

            # set inverse fields on new records in the comodel
            if field.relational:
                inv_recs = self[field.name].filtered(lambda r: not r.id)
                if not inv_recs:
                    continue
                # we need to adapt the value of the inverse fields to integrate self into it:
                # x2many fields should add self, while many2one fields should replace with self
                for invf in self.pool.field_inverses[field]:
                    invf._update_inverse(inv_recs, self)

    def _convert_to_record(self, values):
        """ Convert the ``values`` dictionary from the cache format to the
        record format.
        """
        return {
            name: self._fields[name].convert_to_record(value, self)
            for name, value in values.items()
        }

    def _convert_to_write(self, values):
        """ Convert the ``values`` dictionary into the format of :meth:`write`. """
        fields = self._fields
        result = {}
        for name, value in values.items():
            if name in fields:
                field = fields[name]
                value = field.convert_to_write(value, self)
                if not isinstance(value, NewId):
                    result[name] = value
        return result

    #
    # Record traversal and update
    #

    @typing.overload
    def mapped(self, func: str) -> list[typing.Any] | BaseModel:
        ...

    @typing.overload
    def mapped(self, func: Callable[[Self], T]) -> list[T] | BaseModel:
        ...

    @api.private
    def mapped(self, func: str | Callable[[Self], T]) -> list | BaseModel:
        """Apply ``func`` on all records in ``self``, and return the result as a
        list or a recordset (if ``func`` return recordsets). In the latter
        case, the order of the returned recordset is arbitrary.

        :param func: a function or a dot-separated sequence of field names
        :return: self if func is falsy, result of func applied to all ``self`` records.

        .. code-block:: python3

            # returns a list of summing two fields for each record in the set
            records.mapped(lambda r: r.field1 + r.field2)

        The provided function can be a string to get field values:

        .. code-block:: python3

            # returns a list of names
            records.mapped('name')

            # returns a recordset of partners
            records.mapped('partner_id')

            # returns the union of all partner banks, with duplicates removed
            records.mapped('partner_id.bank_ids')
        """
        if not func:
            return self                 # support for an empty path of fields

        if isinstance(func, str):
            # special case: sequence of field names
            *rel_field_names, field_name = func.split('.')
            records = self
            for rel_field_name in rel_field_names:
                records = records[rel_field_name]
            if len(records) > PREFETCH_MAX:
                # fetch fields for all recordset in case we have a recordset
                # that is larger than the prefetch
                records.fetch([field_name])
            field = records._fields[field_name]
            getter = field.__get__
            if field.relational:
                # union of records
                return getter(records)
            return [getter(record) for record in records]

        if self:
            vals = [func(rec) for rec in self]
            if isinstance(vals[0], BaseModel):
                return vals[0].union(*vals)
            return vals
        else:
            # we want to follow-up the comodel from the function
            # so we pass an empty recordset
            vals = func(self)
            return vals if isinstance(vals, BaseModel) else []

    @api.private
    def filtered(self, func: str | Callable[[Self], bool] | Domain) -> Self:
        """Return the records in ``self`` satisfying ``func``.

        :param func: a function, Domain or a dot-separated sequence of field names
        :return: recordset of records satisfying func, may be empty.

        .. code-block:: python3

            # only keep records whose company is the current user's
            records.filtered(lambda r: r.company_id == user.company_id)

            # only keep records whose partner is a company
            records.filtered("partner_id.is_company")
        """
        if not func:
            # align with mapped()
            return self
        if callable(func):
            # normal function
            pass
        elif isinstance(func, str):
            if '.' in func:
                return self.browse(rec_id for rec_id, rec in zip(self._ids, self) if any(rec.mapped(func)))
            # avoid costly mapped
            func = self._fields[func].__get__
        elif isinstance(func, Domain):
            return self.filtered_domain(func)
        else:
            raise TypeError(f"Invalid function {func!r} to filter on {self._name}")
        return self.browse(rec_id for rec_id, rec in zip(self._ids, self) if func(rec))

    @typing.overload
    def grouped(self, key: str) -> dict[typing.Any, Self]:
        ...

    @typing.overload
    def grouped(self, key: Callable[[Self], T]) -> dict[T, Self]:
        ...

    @api.private
    def grouped(self, key: str | Callable[[Self], T]) -> dict[typing.Any, Self]:
        """Eagerly groups the records of ``self`` by the ``key``, returning a
        dict from the ``key``'s result to recordsets. All the resulting
        recordsets are guaranteed to be part of the same prefetch-set.

        Provides a convenience method to partition existing recordsets without
        the overhead of a :meth:`~._read_group`, but performs no aggregation.

        .. note:: unlike :func:`itertools.groupby`, does not care about input
                  ordering, however the tradeoff is that it can not be lazy

        :param key: either a callable from a :class:`Model` to a (hashable)
                    value, or a field name. In the latter case, it is equivalent
                    to ``itemgetter(key)`` (aka the named field's value)
        """
        if isinstance(key, str):
            key = itemgetter(key)

        collator = defaultdict(list)
        for record in self:
            collator[key(record)].extend(record._ids)

        browse = functools.partial(type(self), self.env, prefetch_ids=self._prefetch_ids)
        return {key: browse(tuple(ids)) for key, ids in collator.items()}

    @api.private
    def filtered_domain(self, domain: DomainType) -> Self:
        """Return the records in ``self`` satisfying the domain and keeping the same order.

        :param domain: :ref:`A search domain <reference/orm/domains>`.
        """
        if not self or not domain:
            return self
        predicate = Domain(domain)._as_predicate(self)
        return self.browse(rec_id for rec_id, rec in zip(self._ids, self) if predicate(rec))

    @api.private
    def sorted(self, key: Callable[[Self], typing.Any] | str | None = None, reverse: bool = False) -> Self:
        """Return the recordset ``self`` ordered by ``key``.

        :param key:
            It can be either of:

            * a function of one argument that returns a comparison key for each record
            * a string representing a comma-separated list of field names with optional
              NULLS (FIRST|LAST), and (ASC|DESC) directions
            * ``None``, in which case records are ordered according the default model's order
        :param reverse: if ``True``, return the result in reverse order

        .. code-block:: python3

            # sort records by name
            records.sorted(key=lambda r: r.name)
            # sort records by name in descending order, then by id
            records.sorted('name DESC, id')
            # sort records using default order
            records.sorted()
        """
        if len(self) < 2:
            return self
        if isinstance(key, str):
            key = self._sorted_order_to_function(key)
        elif key is None:
            key = self._sorted_order_to_function(self._order)
        ids = tuple(item.id for item in sorted(self, key=key, reverse=reverse))
        return self.__class__(self.env, ids, self._prefetch_ids)

    @api.model
    def _sorted_order_to_function(self, order: str) -> Callable[[BaseModel], tuple]:
        def order_to_function(order_part):
            order_match = regex_order.match(order_part)
            if not order_match:
                raise ValueError(f"Invalid order {order!r} to sort")
            field_name = order_match['field']
            property_name = order_match['property']
            reverse = (order_match['direction'] or '').upper() == 'DESC'
            nulls = (order_match['nulls'] or '').upper()
            if nulls:
                nulls_first = nulls == 'NULLS FIRST'
            else:
                nulls_first = reverse

            field = self._fields[field_name]
            field_expr = f'{field_name}.{property_name}' if property_name else field_name
            if field.type == 'many2one' and (not property_name or property_name == 'id'):
                seen = self.env.context.get('__m2o_order_seen_sorted', ())
                if field in seen:
                    return lambda _: None
                comodel = self.env[field.comodel_name].with_context(__m2o_order_seen_sorted=frozenset((field, *seen)))
                func_comodel = comodel._sorted_order_to_function(property_name or comodel._order)

                def getter(rec):
                    value = rec[field_name]
                    if not value:
                        return None
                    return func_comodel(value)
            elif field.relational:
                raise ValueError(f"Invalid order on relational field {order_part!r} to sort")
            elif field.type == 'boolean':
                getter = field.expression_getter(field_expr)
            else:
                raw_getter = field.expression_getter(field_expr)

                def getter(rec):
                    value = raw_getter(rec)
                    return value if value is not False else None

            comparator = functools.partial(
                ReversibleComparator,
                reverse=reverse,
                none_first=nulls_first,
            )
            return lambda rec: comparator(getter(rec))

        item_makers = [
            order_to_function(order_part)
            for order_part in order.split(',')
        ]
        return lambda rec: tuple(fn(rec) for fn in item_makers)

    @api.private
    def update(self, values: ValuesType) -> None:
        """ Update the records in ``self`` with ``values``. """
        for name, value in values.items():
            self[name] = value

    @api.private
    def flush_model(self, fnames: Collection[str] | None = None) -> None:
        """ Process the pending computations and database updates on ``self``'s
        model.  When the parameter is given, the method guarantees that at least
        the given fields are flushed to the database.  More fields can be
        flushed, though.

        :param fnames: optional iterable of field names to flush
        """
        self._recompute_model(fnames)
        dirty_fields = self.env._field_dirty
        if fnames is None or any(self._fields[fname] in dirty_fields for fname in fnames):
            self._flush()

    @api.private
    def flush_recordset(self, fnames: Collection[str] | None = None) -> None:
        """ Process the pending computations and database updates on the records
        ``self``.   When the parameter is given, the method guarantees that at
        least the given fields on records ``self`` are flushed to the database.
        More fields and records can be flushed, though.

        :param fnames: optional iterable of field names to flush
        """
        if not self:
            return
        self._recompute_recordset(fnames)
        if fnames is None:
            fields = self._fields.values()
        else:
            fields = [self._fields[fname] for fname in fnames]
        ids = set(self._ids)
        dirty_fields = self.env._field_dirty
        if not all(ids.isdisjoint(dirty_fields.get(field, ())) for field in fields):
            self._flush()

    def _flush(self) -> None:
        # pop dirty fields and their corresponding record ids from cache
        dirty_fields = self.env._field_dirty
        dirty_field_ids = {
            field: ids
            for field in self._fields.values()
            if (ids := dirty_fields.pop(field, None))
        }
        if not dirty_field_ids:
            return

        # for context-dependent fields, `get_column_update` contains the
        # logic to find which value to flush
        model = self

        # sort dirty record ids so that records with the same set of modified
        # fields are grouped together; for that purpose, map each dirty id to
        # an integer that represents its subset of dirty fields (bitmask)
        dirty_ids = sorted(
            OrderedSet(id_ for ids in dirty_field_ids.values() for id_ in ids),
            key=lambda id_: sum(
                1 << field_index
                for field_index, ids in enumerate(dirty_field_ids.values())
                if id_ in ids
            ),
        )

        # perform updates in batches in order to limit memory footprint
        BATCH_SIZE = 1000
        for some_ids in split_every(BATCH_SIZE, dirty_ids):
            vals_list = []
            try:
                for id_ in some_ids:
                    record = model.browse((id_,))
                    vals_list.append({
                        f.name: f.get_column_update(record)
                        for f, ids in dirty_field_ids.items()
                        if id_ in ids
                    })
            except KeyError:
                raise AssertionError(
                    f"Could not find all values of {record} to flush them\n"
                    f"    Context: {self.env.context}\n"
                    f"    Cache: {self.env.cache!r}"
                )
            model.browse(some_ids)._write_multi(vals_list)

    #
    # New records - represent records that do not exist in the database yet;
    # they are used to perform onchanges.
    #

    @api.model
    @api.private
    def new(self, values: ValuesType | None = None, origin: Self | None = None, ref: str | None = None) -> Self:
        """ Return a new record instance attached to the current environment and
        initialized with the provided ``value``. The record is *not* created
        in database, it only exists in memory.

        One can pass an ``origin`` record, which is the actual record behind the
        result. It is retrieved as ``record._origin``. Two new records with the
        same origin record are considered equal.

        One can also pass a ``ref`` value to identify the record among other new
        records. The reference is encapsulated in the ``id`` of the record.
        """
        if values is None:
            values = {}
        if origin is not None:
            origin = origin.id
        record = self.browse((NewId(origin, ref),))
        record._update_cache(values, validate=False)

        return record

    @property
    def _origin(self) -> Self:
        """ Return the actual records corresponding to ``self``. """
        if all(self._ids):
            return self  # already real records
        ids = tuple(OriginIds(self._ids))
        prefetch_ids = OriginIds(self._prefetch_ids)
        return self.__class__(self.env, ids, prefetch_ids)

    #
    # "Dunder" methods
    #

    def __bool__(self) -> bool:
        """ Test whether ``self`` is nonempty. """
        return True if self._ids else False  # fast version of bool(self._ids)

    def __len__(self) -> int:
        """ Return the size of ``self``. """
        return len(self._ids)

    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[Self]:
        """ Return an iterator over ``self``. """
        ids = self._ids
        size = len(ids)
        if size <= 1:
            # detect and handle small recordsets (single `1f`)
            # early return if no records and avoid allocation if we have a one
            if size == 1:
                yield self
            return
        cls = self.__class__
        env = self.env
        prefetch_ids = self._prefetch_ids
        if size > PREFETCH_MAX and prefetch_ids is ids:
            for sub_ids in split_every(PREFETCH_MAX, ids):
                for id_ in sub_ids:
                    yield cls(env, (id_,), sub_ids)
        else:
            for id_ in ids:
                yield cls(env, (id_,), prefetch_ids)

    def __reversed__(self) -> Iterator[Self]:
        """ Return an reversed iterator over ``self``. """
        # same as __iter__ but reversed
        ids = self._ids
        size = len(ids)
        if size <= 1:
            if size == 1:
                yield self
            return
        cls = self.__class__
        env = self.env
        prefetch_ids = self._prefetch_ids
        if size > PREFETCH_MAX and prefetch_ids is ids:
            for sub_ids in split_every(PREFETCH_MAX, reversed(ids)):
                for id_ in sub_ids:
                    yield cls(env, (id_,), sub_ids)
        else:
            prefetch_ids = ReversedIterable(prefetch_ids)
            for id_ in reversed(ids):
                yield cls(env, (id_,), prefetch_ids)

    def __contains__(self, item: BaseModel | str) -> bool:
        """ Test whether ``item`` (record or field name) is an element of ``self``.

            In the first case, the test is fully equivalent to::

                any(item == record for record in self)

            In the second case, we check whether the model has a field named
            ``item``.
        """
        try:
            if self._name == item._name:
                return len(item) == 1 and item.id in self._ids
            raise TypeError(f"inconsistent models in: {item} in {self}")
        except AttributeError:
            if isinstance(item, str):
                return item in self._fields
            raise TypeError(f"unsupported operand types in: {item!r} in {self}")

    def __add__(self, other) -> Self:
        """ Return the concatenation of two recordsets. """
        return self.concat(other)

    @api.private
    def concat(self, *args: Self) -> Self:
        """ Return the concatenation of ``self`` with all the arguments (in
            linear time complexity).
        """
        ids = list(self._ids)
        for arg in args:
            try:
                if arg._name != self._name:
                    raise TypeError(f"inconsistent models in: {self} + {arg}")
                ids.extend(arg._ids)
            except AttributeError:
                raise TypeError(f"unsupported operand types in: {self} + {arg!r}")
        return self.browse(ids)

    def __sub__(self, other) -> Self:
        """ Return the recordset of all the records in ``self`` that are not in
            ``other``. Note that recordset order is preserved.
        """
        try:
            if self._name != other._name:
                raise TypeError(f"inconsistent models in: {self} - {other}")
            other_ids = set(other._ids)
            return self.browse(id_ for id_ in self._ids if id_ not in other_ids)
        except AttributeError:
            raise TypeError(f"unsupported operand types in: {self} - {other!r}")

    def __and__(self, other) -> Self:
        """ Return the intersection of two recordsets.
            Note that first occurrence order is preserved.
        """
        try:
            if self._name != other._name:
                raise TypeError(f"inconsistent models in: {self} & {other}")
            other_ids = set(other._ids)
            return self.browse(OrderedSet(id_ for id_ in self._ids if id_ in other_ids))
        except AttributeError:
            raise TypeError(f"unsupported operand types in: {self} & {other!r}")

    def __or__(self, other) -> Self:
        """ Return the union of two recordsets.
            Note that first occurrence order is preserved.
        """
        return self.union(other)

    @api.private
    def union(self, *args: Self) -> Self:
        """ Return the union of ``self`` with all the arguments (in linear time
            complexity, with first occurrence order preserved).
        """
        ids = list(self._ids)
        for arg in args:
            try:
                if arg._name != self._name:
                    raise TypeError(f"inconsistent models in: {self} | {arg}")
                ids.extend(arg._ids)
            except AttributeError:
                raise TypeError(f"unsupported operand types in: {self} | {arg!r}")
        return self.browse(OrderedSet(ids))

    def __eq__(self, other):
        """ Test whether two recordsets are equivalent (up to reordering). """
        try:
            return self._name == other._name and set(self._ids) == set(other._ids)
        except AttributeError:
            if other:
                warnings.warn(f"unsupported operand type(s) for \"==\": '{self._name}()' == '{other!r}'", stacklevel=2)
        return NotImplemented

    def __lt__(self, other):
        try:
            if self._name == other._name:
                return set(self._ids) < set(other._ids)
        except AttributeError:
            pass
        return NotImplemented

    def __le__(self, other):
        try:
            if self._name == other._name:
                # these are much cheaper checks than a proper subset check, so
                # optimise for checking if a null or singleton are subsets of a
                # recordset
                if not self or self in other:
                    return True
                return set(self._ids) <= set(other._ids)
        except AttributeError:
            pass
        return NotImplemented

    def __gt__(self, other):
        try:
            if self._name == other._name:
                return set(self._ids) > set(other._ids)
        except AttributeError:
            pass
        return NotImplemented

    def __ge__(self, other):
        try:
            if self._name == other._name:
                if not other or other in self:
                    return True
                return set(self._ids) >= set(other._ids)
        except AttributeError:
            pass
        return NotImplemented

    def __int__(self) -> int:
        return self.id or 0

    def __repr__(self):
        return f"{self._name}{self._ids!r}"

    def __hash__(self):
        return hash((self._name, frozenset(self._ids)))

    def __deepcopy__(self, memo):
        return self

    @typing.overload
    def __getitem__(self, key: int | slice) -> Self: ...

    @typing.overload
    def __getitem__(self, key: str) -> typing.Any: ...

    def __getitem__(self, key):
        """ If ``key`` is an integer or a slice, return the corresponding record
            selection as an instance (attached to ``self.env``).
            Otherwise read the field ``key`` of the first record in ``self``.

            Examples::

                inst = model.search(dom)    # inst is a recordset
                r4 = inst[3]                # fourth record in inst
                rs = inst[10:20]            # subset of inst
                nm = rs['name']             # name of first record in inst
        """
        if isinstance(key, str):
            # important: one must call the field's getter
            return self._fields[key].__get__(self)
        elif isinstance(key, slice):
            return self.browse(self._ids[key])
        else:
            return self.browse((self._ids[key],))

    def __setitem__(self, key: str, value: typing.Any):
        """ Assign the field ``key`` to ``value`` in record ``self``. """
        # important: one must call the field's setter
        return self._fields[key].__set__(self, value)

    #
    # Cache and recomputation management
    #

    @property
    def _cache(self):
        """ Return the cache of ``self``, mapping field names to values. """
        return RecordCache(self)

    @api.private
    def invalidate_model(self, fnames: Collection[str] | None = None, flush: bool = True) -> None:
        """ Invalidate the cache of all records of ``self``'s model, when the
        cached values no longer correspond to the database values.  If the
        parameter is given, only the given fields are invalidated from cache.

        :param fnames: optional iterable of field names to invalidate
        :param flush: whether pending updates should be flushed before invalidation.
            It is ``True`` by default, which ensures cache consistency.
            Do not use this parameter unless you know what you are doing.
        """
        if flush:
            self.flush_model(fnames)
        self._invalidate_cache(fnames)

    @api.private
    def invalidate_recordset(self, fnames: Collection[str] | None = None, flush: bool = True) -> None:
        """ Invalidate the cache of the records in ``self``, when the cached
        values no longer correspond to the database values.  If the parameter
        is given, only the given fields on ``self`` are invalidated from cache.

        :param fnames: optional iterable of field names to invalidate
        :param flush: whether pending updates should be flushed before invalidation.
            It is ``True`` by default, which ensures cache consistency.
            Do not use this parameter unless you know what you are doing.
        """
        if flush:
            self.flush_recordset(fnames)
        self._invalidate_cache(fnames, self._ids)

    def _invalidate_cache(self, fnames: Collection[str] | None = None, ids: Sequence[IdType] | None = None) -> None:
        if ids is not None and not ids:  # Avoid invalidating field_inverses for no reason
            return

        if fnames is None:
            fields = self._fields.values()
        else:
            fields = [self._fields[fname] for fname in fnames]

        env = self.env
        for field in fields:
            field._invalidate_cache(env, ids)
            # TODO VSC: used to remove the inverse of many_to_one from the cache, though we might not need it anymore
            for invf in self.pool.field_inverses[field]:
                self.env[invf.model_name].flush_model([invf.name])
                invf._invalidate_cache(env)

    @api.private
    def modified(self, fnames: Collection[str], create: bool = False, before: bool = False) -> None:
        """ Notify that fields will be or have been modified on ``self``. This
        invalidates the cache where necessary, and prepares the recomputation of
        dependent stored fields.

        :param fnames: iterable of field names modified on records ``self``
        :param create: whether called in the context of record creation
        :param before: whether called before modifying records ``self``
        """
        if not self or not fnames:
            return

        # The triggers of a field F is a tree that contains the fields that
        # depend on F, together with the fields to inverse to find out which
        # records to recompute.
        #
        # For instance, assume that G depends on F, H depends on X.F, I depends
        # on W.X.F, and J depends on Y.F. The triggers of F will be the tree:
        #
        #                              [G]
        #                            X/   \Y
        #                          [H]     [J]
        #                        W/
        #                      [I]
        #
        # This tree provides perfect support for the trigger mechanism:
        # when F is # modified on records,
        #  - mark G to recompute on records,
        #  - mark H to recompute on inverse(X, records),
        #  - mark I to recompute on inverse(W, inverse(X, records)),
        #  - mark J to recompute on inverse(Y, records).

        if before:
            # When called before modification, we should determine what
            # currently depends on self, and it should not be recomputed before
            # the modification.  So we only collect what should be marked for
            # recomputation.
            marked = self.env.transaction.tocompute     # {field: ids}
            tomark = defaultdict(OrderedSet)            # {field: ids}
        else:
            # When called after modification, one should traverse backwards
            # dependencies by taking into account all fields already known to
            # be recomputed.  In that case, we mark fieds to compute as soon as
            # possible.
            marked = {}
            tomark = self.env.transaction.tocompute

        # determine what to trigger (with iterators)
        todo = [self._modified([self._fields[fname] for fname in fnames], create)]

        # process what to trigger by lazily chaining todo
        for field, records, create in itertools.chain.from_iterable(todo):
            records -= self.env.protected(field)
            if not records:
                continue

            if field.recursive:
                # discard already processed records, in order to avoid cycles
                if field.compute and field.store:
                    ids = (marked.get(field) or set()) | (tomark.get(field) or set())
                    records = records.browse(id_ for id_ in records._ids if id_ not in ids)
                else:
                    # get only records that have a value in cache (in any context)
                    ids_in_cache = field._get_all_cache_ids(self.env)
                    records = records.browse(id_ for id_ in records._ids if id_ in ids_in_cache)
                if not records:
                    continue
                # recursively trigger recomputation of field's dependents
                todo.append(records._modified([field], create))

            # mark for recomputation (now or later, depending on 'before')
            if field.compute and field.store:
                tomark[field].update(records._ids)
            else:
                # Don't force the recomputation of compute fields which are
                # not stored as this is not really necessary.
                field._invalidate_cache(self.env, records._ids)

        if before:
            # effectively mark for recomputation now
            for field, ids in tomark.items():
                records = self.env[field.model_name].browse(ids)
                self.env.add_to_compute(field, records)

    def _modified(self, fields: list[Field], create: bool) -> Iterable[tuple[Field, BaseModel, bool]]:
        """ Return an iterator traversing a tree of field triggers on ``self``,
        traversing backwards field dependencies along the way, and yielding
        tuple ``(field, records, created)`` to recompute.
        """

        # The fields' trigger trees are merged in order to evaluate all triggers
        # at once. For non-stored computed fields, `_modified_triggers` might
        # traverse the tree (at the cost of extra queries) only to know which
        # records to invalidate in cache. But in many cases, most of these
        # fields have no data in cache, so they can be ignored from the start.
        # This allows us to discard subtrees from the merged tree when they
        # only contain such fields.
        def select(field):
            return (field.compute and field.store) or bool(field._get_all_cache_ids(self.env))

        tree = self.pool.get_trigger_tree(fields, select=select)
        if not tree:
            return ()

        return self.sudo().with_context(active_test=False)._modified_triggers(tree, create)

    def _modified_triggers(self, tree: TriggerTree, create: bool = False) -> Iterable[tuple[Field, BaseModel, bool]]:
        """ Return an iterator traversing a tree of field triggers on ``self``,
        traversing backwards field dependencies along the way, and yielding
        tuple ``(field, records, created)`` to recompute.
        """
        if not self:
            return

        # first yield what to compute
        for field in tree.root:
            yield field, self, create

        # then traverse dependencies backwards, and proceed recursively
        for field, subtree in tree.items():
            if create and field.type in ('many2one', 'many2one_reference'):
                # upon creation, no other record has a reference to self
                continue

            # subtree is another tree of dependencies
            model = self.env[field.model_name]
            for invf in model.pool.field_inverses[field]:
                # use an inverse of field without domain
                if not (invf.type in ('one2many', 'many2many') and invf.domain):
                    if invf.type == 'many2one_reference':
                        rec_ids = OrderedSet()
                        for rec in self:
                            try:
                                if rec[invf.model_field] == field.model_name:
                                    rec_ids.add(rec[invf.name])
                            except MissingError:
                                continue
                        records = model.browse(rec_ids)
                    else:
                        try:
                            records = self[invf.name]
                        except MissingError:
                            records = self.exists()[invf.name]

                    # TODO: find a better fix
                    if field.model_name == records._name:
                        if not any(self._ids):
                            # if self are new, records should be new as well
                            records = records.browse(it and NewId(it) for it in records._ids)
                        break
            else:
                new_records = self.filtered(lambda r: not r.id)
                real_records = self - new_records
                records = model.browse()
                if real_records:
                    records = model.search([(field.name, 'in', real_records.ids)], order='id')
                if new_records:
                    field_cache = field._get_cache(model.env)
                    cache_records = model.browse(field_cache)
                    new_ids = set(self._ids)
                    records |= cache_records.filtered(lambda r: not set(r[field.name]._ids).isdisjoint(new_ids))

            yield from records._modified_triggers(subtree)

    def _recompute_model(self, fnames: Collection[str] | None = None) -> None:
        """ Process the pending computations of the fields of ``self``'s model.

        :param fnames: optional iterable of field names to compute
        """
        if fnames is None:
            fields = self._fields.values()
        else:
            fields = [self._fields[fname] for fname in fnames]

        for field in fields:
            if field.compute and field.store:
                self._recompute_field(field)

    def _recompute_recordset(self, fnames: Collection[str] | None = None) -> None:
        """ Process the pending computations of the fields of the records in ``self``.

        :param fnames: optional iterable of field names to compute
        """
        if fnames is None:
            fields = self._fields.values()
        else:
            fields = [self._fields[fname] for fname in fnames]

        for field in fields:
            if field.compute and field.store:
                self._recompute_field(field, self._ids)

    def _recompute_field(self, field: Field, ids: Sequence[IdType] | None = None) -> None:
        ids_to_compute = self.env.transaction.tocompute.get(field, ())
        if ids is None:
            ids = ids_to_compute
        else:
            ids = [id_ for id_ in ids if id_ in ids_to_compute]
        if not ids:
            return

        # do not force recomputation on new records; those will be
        # recomputed by accessing the field on the records
        records = self.browse(tuple(id_ for id_ in ids if id_))
        field.recompute(records)

    #
    # Generic onchange method
    #

    def _has_onchange(self, field: Field, other_fields: Collection[Field]) -> bool:
        """ Return whether ``field`` should trigger an onchange event in the
            presence of ``other_fields``.
        """
        return (field.name in self._onchange_methods) or any(
            dep in other_fields
            for dep in self.pool.get_dependent_fields(field.base_field)
        )

    def _apply_onchange_methods(self, field_name: str, result: dict) -> None:
        """ Apply onchange method(s) for field ``field_name`` on ``self``. Value
            assignments are applied on ``self``, while warning messages are put
            in dictionary ``result``.
        """
        for method in self._onchange_methods.get(field_name, ()):
            res = method(self)
            if not res:
                continue
            if res.get('value'):
                for key, val in res['value'].items():
                    if key in self._fields and key != 'id':
                        self[key] = val
            if res.get('warning'):
                result['warnings'].add((
                    res['warning'].get('title') or _("Warning"),
                    res['warning'].get('message') or "",
                    res['warning'].get('type') or "",
                ))

    def onchange(self, values: dict, field_names: list[str], fields_spec: dict) -> dict:
        raise NotImplementedError("onchange() is implemented in module 'web'")

    def _get_placeholder_filename(self, field: str) -> bool:
        """ Returns the filename of the placeholder to use,
            set on web/static/img by default, or the
            complete path to access it (eg: module/path/to/image.png).
        """
        return False


collections.abc.Set.register(BaseModel)
# not exactly true as BaseModel doesn't have index or count
collections.abc.Sequence.register(BaseModel)


class RecordCache(Mapping[str, typing.Any]):
    """ A mapping from field names to values, to read the cache of a record. """
    __slots__ = ['_record']

    def __init__(self, record: BaseModel):
        assert len(record) == 1, "Unexpected RecordCache(%s)" % record
        self._record = record

    def __contains__(self, name):
        """ Return whether `record` has a cached value for field ``name``. """
        record = self._record
        field = record._fields[name]
        return record.id in field._get_cache(record.env)

    def __getitem__(self, name):
        """ Return the cached value of field ``name`` for `record`. """
        record = self._record
        field = record._fields[name]
        return field._get_cache(record.env)[record.id]

    def __iter__(self):
        """ Iterate over the field names with a cached value. """
        record = self._record
        id_ = record.id
        env = record.env
        for name, field in record._fields.items():
            if id_ in field._get_cache(env):
                yield name

    def __len__(self):
        """ Return the number of fields with a cached value. """
        return sum(1 for name in self)


AbstractModel = BaseModel


class Model(AbstractModel):
    """ Main super-class for regular database-persisted Odoo models.

    Odoo models are created by inheriting from this class::

        class ResUsers(Model):
            ...

    The system will later instantiate the class once per database (on
    which the class' module is installed).
    """
    _auto: bool = True          # automatically create database backend
    _register: bool = False     # not visible in ORM registry, meant to be python-inherited only
    _abstract: typing.Literal[False] = False  # not abstract


@functools.total_ordering
class ReversibleComparator:
    __slots__ = ('__item', '__none_first', '__reverse')

    def __init__(self, item, reverse: bool, none_first: bool):
        self.__item = item
        self.__reverse = reverse
        self.__none_first = none_first

    def __lt__(self, other: ReversibleComparator) -> bool:
        item = self.__item
        item_cmp = other.__item
        if item == item_cmp:
            return False
        if item is None:
            return self.__none_first
        if item_cmp is None:
            return not self.__none_first
        if self.__reverse:
            item, item_cmp = item_cmp, item
        return item < item_cmp

    def __eq__(self, other: ReversibleComparator) -> bool:
        return self.__item == other.__item

    def __hash__(self):
        return hash(self.__item)

    def __repr__(self):
        return f"<ReversibleComparator {self.__item!r}{' reverse' if self.__reverse else ''}>"


def itemgetter_tuple(items):
    """ Fixes itemgetter inconsistency (useful in some cases) of not returning
    a tuple if len(items) == 1: always returns an n-tuple where n = len(items)
    """
    if len(items) == 0:
        return lambda a: ()
    if len(items) == 1:
        return lambda gettable: (gettable[items[0]],)
    return itemgetter(*items)


def get_columns_from_sql_diagnostics(cr, diagnostics, *, check_registry=False) -> list[str]:
    """Given the diagnostics of an error, return the affected column names by the constraint.
    Return an empty list if we cannot determine the columns.
    """
    if column := diagnostics.column_name:
        return [column]
    if not check_registry:
        return []
    cr.execute(SQL("""
        SELECT
            ARRAY(
                SELECT attname FROM pg_attribute
                WHERE attrelid = conrelid
                AND attnum = ANY(conkey)
            ) as "columns"
        FROM pg_constraint
        JOIN pg_class t ON t.oid = conrelid
        WHERE conname = %s
            AND t.relname = %s
            AND t.relnamespace = current_schema::regnamespace
    """, diagnostics.constraint_name, diagnostics.table_name))
    columns = cr.fetchone()
    return columns[0] if columns else []